Hmong Studies Virtual Library - Research Reports/Documents/Other Presentations
Publications Produced by the Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center, Hmong Cultural Center (St. Paul) and/or submitted by Contributors
Title: Hmong Americans in the 2013 American Community Survey. Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 3 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A short article analyzing Hmong American population and demographic trends in the 2013 American Community Survey in California, Minnesota and the U.S. as a whole.
Title: Bibliographic Guide to Recent Hmong Studies Research. Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 34 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Along with an overview of recently released census data from the 2012 American Community Survey, this report provides an overview of key recent works in Hmong Studies research in the realms of education, socioeconomic adaptation, health, race relations, gender, cultural adaptation, Hmong in Asia studies and reference works.
Title: Hmong 101 Presentation by Hmong Cultural Center (Updated November 2012). Author: Mark E. Pfeifer and Txongpao Lee. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: 2012. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 18 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A short presentation with a basic introduction to the Hmong. The document includes information about the Hmong population around the world, a timeline of Hmong history, a summary of Hmong involvement assisting the U.S. in Laos during the Vietnam War era, Hmong refugee migration to Western countries, Hmong population in the U.S., Hmong American demographics, Hmong clans, Hmong religion, the Hmong language, cultural etiquette for, and resource websites.
Title: Generation and Gender Roles in Hmong Society, Part 1. Author: Kou Yang. Source: California State University, Stanislaus. Publisher Location: Turlock, CA. Year: 2008. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 48 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A short presentation which provides an overview of gender and generational roles in Hmong society in Asia and the United States.
Title: Generation and Gender Roles in Hmong Society, Part 2. Author: Kou Yang. Source: California State University, Stanislaus. Publisher Location: Turlock, CA. Year: 2008. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 39 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Part 2 of a short presentation which provides an overview of gender and generational roles in Hmong society in Asia and the United States.
Title: An Overview of Recent Developments in Hmong-American and Lao-American Studies Research. Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2007. Additional Source Information: Presentation by Mark E. Pfeifer at the 2nd International Conference on Lao Studies, Arizona State University, May 4, 2007. Pagination: 16 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: This short presentation provides information about Hmong and Lao American population and demographic trends in the 2005 American Community Survey. A comparison of research trends in Hmong and Lao American Studies is also provided.
Title: Resources for a Dialogue on Hmong Studies: Panel Presentation. Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2006. Additional Source Information: Panel Presentation by Mark E. Pfeifer at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, April 11, 2006. Pagination: 10 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: The author of this short presentation provides some thoughts on what a Hmong Studies academic program might encompass. Also provided is an overview of recent research in Hmong Studies, research needs in the Hmong Studies field and a list of online research resources.
Title: The State of Hmong American Studies (Bibliographic Essay). Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2005. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 12 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: This bibliographic essay provides an overview of key research publications in different subfields of Hmong Studies including health and medicine, education, gender, family life and relationships, oral and family histories, religious adaptation, cultural consumption and production, socioeconomic incorporation and race relations, and research resources.
Title: Hmong-Related Research: Past, Present, and Future Directions (Bibliographic Essay). Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2005. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: N.A. Format: HTML (Web-based)
Abstract: This short article is intended to introduce the reader to the Hmong Studies literature. Key scholars and works from different eras are discussed including the 18th century up to 1950, 1950-1975 and post-1975. The author also speculates about future directions in the field. A bibliography of important Hmong Studies publications is provided.
Title: General Interest Hmong Resources Presentation. Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2004. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 26 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Intended for a general audience, this short presentation provides information about available resources to the Hmong in different topical subfields including overviews of Hmong culture, Hmong American literature, Hmong American health and medicine, Hmong American education, lesson plans and activities for youth, youth and children's books, dictionaries, bibliographies, statistical information, academic journals, literary journals, videos and research websites.
Title: 2000 Hmong Census Publication. Authors: Hmong Cultural Center and Hmong National Development. Source: Hmong Cultural Center and Hmong National Development. Publisher Location: Saint Paul and Washington D.C. Year: 2004. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 75 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This report provides detailed statistical data related to Hmong Americans in the 2000 census. Data tables are provided at the national level and also the state level for states with substantial Hmong populations. Seven analysis articles are presented by scholars. These articles discuss population, demographic, educational, socioeconomic and housing trends impacting Hmong American communities.
Title: Hmong Studies Scholars Respond to NY Times Article ("Hmong Hunter Said to be a Shaman"). Authors: Dia Cha, Mark Pfeifer and Nicholas Tapp. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2004. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: N.A. Format: HTML (Web-based)
Abstract: In this short piece, three scholars of Hmong Studies react to a New York Times article that attempted to make a connection between the traditional Hmong religious practice of shamanism and a tragic incident in Wisconsin in 2004 involving a confrontation between a Hmong hunter and several non-Hmong hunters.
Title: Hmong Journey for Freedom Author: Mai Xiong. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2002. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: N.A. Format: HTML (Web-based).
Abstract: This short article describes the experiences of Hmong in Laos and refugee camps in Thailand following the aftermath of the Communist Pathet Lao takeover of the country in 1975.
Title: Txoov Siv Yis. Hwj Huaj Neeb Kho Mob. Tus Txiv Neeb. Hwj Huaj Neeb. Lwm Sub Xa Xyoo Laus. Pov Pob Xyoo Tshiab. (History of the Shaman Ceremony in Hmong Culture). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 12 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A short history of the Hmong Shaman ceremony in Hmong culture. This publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Zaj Qeej Tu Siav. Zaj Qeej Tsa Nees. Zaj Qeej: Tshais, Sus, Hmo. Zaj Qeej Cob Tsiaj. Hlawv Ntawv Thiab Sawv Kev (Hmong Qeej Songs Played in the Hmong Funeral Ceremony). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 12 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A collection of Qeej songs played in the Hmong funeral ceremony. The publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Zaj Nkauj Tu Siav. Zaj Nkauj Noj Sus. Zaj Nkauj Noj Hmo. Zaj Nkauj Hlawv Ntawv. Zaj Hu Muam Phauj Los Txiv Dab Laug Tuaj Hlub. (Hmong Funeral Ceremony Songs Part 1). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 18 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A collection of orally recited funeral songs from the Hmong funeral ceremony. The publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Cov Nkauj Plig. Zaj Nkauj Plig Qab Cub. Zaj Nkauj Plig Noj Sus. Zaj Nkauj Hlawv Ntawv. Zaj Txhiaj, Txhais Plig. (Hmong Funeral Ceremony Songs Part 2). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 20 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A collection of Hmong funeral ceremony songs in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Tshoob Kos (Hmong Traditional Wedding Procedures). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 22 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A guide to Hmong Wedding Procedures. In the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Hmoob Lub Neej Nyob Yaj Ces Tuam Meem Teb (Suav Teb) Txij Li Tiam 1 Mus Txog Tiam 18. (Hmong Life in China from the 1st Century to 18th Century). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 12 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Information and folk legends about Hmong life in China from the 1st Century to the 18th Century. The publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Hmoob Lub Neej Nyob Yaj. Ces Teb Tsim Meej (Los Tsuas), Txij Li Tiam 18 mus txog tiam 20 (Hmong Life in Laos from the 18th to 20th century). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 12 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Information about Hmong history in Laos. Written in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Dab Neeg hmoob lub ntuj tsim lub teb raug (Hmong History: The Beginning of the World). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 4 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A discussion of a folk tale that tells about the beginning of the world. The publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Dab Neeg hmoob lub ntuj tsim lub teb raug (Hmong History: The Beginning of the World)(Long Version). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 22 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A discussion of a folk tale that tells about the beginning of the world. The publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Neeg lub cev zeej txhiaj (The Human Body (Heart/Liver, etc). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 8 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not available.
Title: Tus Txheej Txheem Kab Kev Pam Tuag (Hmong Traditional Funeral Ceremony Procedures). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 20 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: This book describes the procedures associated with the traditional Hmong funeral ceremony. The work is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Hauv Paus Lus Tseem Ceeb Cob Qhia Keeb Zeej (A Guide to Morality in the Hmong Culture). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 20 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not available.
Title: Qeej. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 29 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Curriculum for teaching the Qeej Musical Instrument. In the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Tsev Teej Kawm Hmoob Txuj Ci. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 38 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Phau ntawv piav txog haiv hmoob lub neej ua nojrun haus nyob. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 70 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Yawg Paj Cai Vwj Sawv Xov Khawm Xyoo 1919 Mus Txog Xyoo 1921 Nyob Los Tsuas Sab Qaum Teb Yog Dab Tsi? Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 38 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Zaj Kwv Huam Hais Txog. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 14 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Dag Neeg Tshiaj Tsov Neeg. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 25 pages. Format: PDF File.
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Phau Ntawv Qhia. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 77 pages. Format: PDF File.
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Hmoob keeb kwm nyob tuam tshoj yaj ces tuam meem teb (China). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 17 pages. Format: PDF File.
Abstract: Information about Hmong history in Guizhou province in China.
Other Research Publications
Title: Conservation and Ethnobotanical Knowledge of a Hmong Community in Long Lan, Luang Prabang, Lao People's Democratic Republic Authors: Cory William Whitney, Min (Meej Vaj) Vang Sin, Giang Lê Hồng, Can Vu Van, Keith Barber, Lanh Thi Tran. Location: N.A. Publisher: Ethnobotany Journal: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 16 pages. Format: PDF.
Abstract: In 2012 and 2013 participatory ethnobotany explorations were undertaken with herbalists from the Hmong ethnic group of Long Lan village, in Luang Prabang, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. These investigations into the knowledge and experience of indigenous elders of Long Lan and surrounding villages sought to identify the relationship between the spiritual-cultural practices and livelihood uses of plants and their conservation. Information about 74 plant species of 49 families was recorded, including 25 herbs (17 perennial, 8 annual), 20 trees, 17 shrubs, 10 climbers, and 2 ferns. Analysis of quantitative ethnobotany scores indicated positive trends between uses and conservation practices for plants. The study suggests that the traditional Hmong cultural uses for plants may be a mechanism for the conservation of biodiversity in the rapidly deteriorating forests of Luang Prabang in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic.
Title: Exploring Travel Interests and Constraints among Minnesota Hmong. Authors: Michele Schermann, Ingrid Schneider, Chou Moua & Tou Thai Lee. Location: Minneapolis. Publisher: University of Minnesota Extension. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 26 pages. Format: PDF.
Abstract: As Minnesotans comprise about half of Minnesota’s travel market (Davidson Peterson, 2012), understanding this in-state population is important to attract and retain consumers and, subsequently, support communities and economies. As of 2015, tourist data primarily focuses on white, non-Hispanics. Other markets exist, however,and are growing in Minnesota and elsewhere. A rather unique Minnesota market is the Hmong, as the state has the second highest Hmong population in the United States. Research on other immigrant groups finds some challenges and opportunities related to leisure and leisure-related activities, such as travel. This report provides results from initial qualitative explorations of Hmong leisure travel behaviors. Given a self-reported propensity towards outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism, Hmong are particularly important to consider in destination areas where the outdoors is a key attraction. Results will inform planning, marketing,and product development for Hmong tourists as a niche group both in the United States and Minnesota.Six focus groups occurred fall 2014 with a convenience sample of Hmong Minnesotans across three age groups (n= 56). Held in socially valued places and facilitated by a Hmong Minnesotan who could speak Hmong and English, the focus groups explored travel interests, behaviors,and preferences among participants. The discussions took place in the language preferred by the group (English, Hmong,or a combination of the two), were recorded for later review, and ended with a traditional Hmong meal. Participants were compensated for their time ($50) and invited to review and confirm the data and findings.Data revealed Hmong travel for and are generally constrained from travel for similar reasons as non-Hmong. Specifically, Hmong Minnesotans travel to get away, relax, and visit attractions or appealing destinations. Hmong Minnesotans do not travel as much as they desire due to time, finances, and distance to destinations. Like other immigrant groups, the influence of culture on leisure travel preferences and participation was clear,as were constraints of discrimination. Specific cultural influences on travel included the perceived value of leisure travel, familial responsibility for elders, travel group size, as well as food preferences. Discrimination was particularly prominent outside the Twin Cities Metropolitan area. Generational differences in travel preferences and behaviors existed and are in stark contrast to the broader U.S. and Minnesota population where the older generation has more money and interest in travel than -Hmong elders and the younger generation is not as culturally compelled toward group family travel. To attract and retain Hmong consumers, Hmong suggest 1) facility information, specifically for larger travel groups and parking; 2) Hmong marketing through word of mouth, traditional and electronic, 3) packages and tours including Hmong travelers.
Title: Hmong-Mien Languages. Author: David Mortenson Location: N.A. Publisher: Oxford Bibliographies. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: N.A. Format: HTML.
Abstract: Hmong-Mien is a compact language family of East and Southeast Asia. Its speakers are found primarily in southern China and the northern highlands of Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar (Burma). Most speakers of Hmong-Mien languages belong to the so-called Miao and Yao ethnicities (or nationalities). Due to geopolitical circumstances, many speakers of two Hmong-Mien languages from Laos—Hmong and Iu Mien—emigrated to Western countries (the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, France, French Guyana, and Germany) between 1970 and 1998, leading to the current worldwide distribution of this language family. Hmong-Mien has two primary branches: Hmongic and Mienic. Hmongic is larger (in terms of number of speakers) and has greater internal diversity. It has also been the focus of more efforts at documentation. As a result, more literature is available on Hmongic languages than Mienic languages. This bibliography represents an attempt to include as many resources on Mienic as possible but nevertheless reflects this fundamental imbalance in sources.
Title: State of the Hmong American Community (2010 Census Report). Authors: M.E. Pfeifer, and B. K. Thao (Eds.), Location: Washington, DC: Hmong National Development. Year: 2013. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 55 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The State of the Hmong American Community report is a compilation of work from scholars that analyze the current state of Hmong Americans across the United States. It is based upon 2010 Census data, the American Community Survey, and academic literature reviews. Each piece assesses trends in six issue areas, including population growth and demographics, socioeconomics, education, household, health disparities and mental health. These specific authors were invited to contribute to the report given their expertise in Hmong American studies, as well as within their respective disciplines. The diversity of disciplines, authors, and regions represented is a strength of this report, allowing for multiple voices to be heard. That being said, Hmong National Development (HND) would like to make it clear that the content or language in the articles does not explicitly represent the views of HND. Yet as a collective, they tell a broader story of how the Hmong American community has progressed since the last Census in 2000. We believe this information must be shared with community members, educators, policy makers, and others serving the Hmong American community.
Title: A Community of Contrasts: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in the Midwest. Authors: Asian American Justice Center. Location: Washington, DC: Asian American Justice Center. Year: 2012. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 90 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: To promote better public policy in the face of rapid demographic change, A Community of Contrasts: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in the Midwest, 2012 provides community organizations, policy makers, foundations, businesses, and others with the latest data on the Midwest’s growing Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) communities. The report features data on discrete ethnic groups to advance a better understanding of the considerable social and economic diversity, assets, and compelling needs within these communities.
Title: Asian Pacific Students in Minnesota: Facts, not Fiction. Authors: Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2012. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 46 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: (From the Executive Summary), according to the Minnesota Comprehensive Assessment (MCA) 2011 test results,66.1% and 54.4% of Asian Pacific students scored as proficient on the MCA reading and math tests, respectively. In comparison, 80.8% and 63.3% of White students were proficient in reading and math, respectively. This seemingly smaller achievement gap between Asian Pacific and White students has led to less attention and concern given to the needs of Asian Pacific students in Minnesota. However, researchers, community members, and educational professionals have long recognized that the reporting of aggregated data for Asian Pacific students is misleading and masks educational disparities experienced within the Asian Pacific population in Minnesota.In response, this report disaggregates MCA data for Asian Pacific students by language spoken at home, ethnicity, income level, English proficiency, and mobility. Through such analysis, this report provides new understandings about the academic performance of Asian Pacific students in Minnesota.
Title: State of the Asian Pacific Minnesotans Report. Authors: Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2012. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 36 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Every ten years, the United States of America goes about the process of counting or enumeration of its population. This census is constitutionally mandated as a way to apportion the members of the United States House of Representatives. The census is also used to distribute federal funding to local communities. In the 2010 Census, approximately 74% of households returned their census form by mail, the remaining households were counted by census workers walking neighborhoods throughout the United States. Minnesota’s response rate was 75%.The census is the most comprehensive source of demographic data on the US population and tells us much about our nation’s people and its change over time. This report presents the current state of Asian Pacific Minnesotans, what our population is, and our social and economic status. The data herein provides a snapshot of the lives we lead and is evidence of the struggles and successes we face. In black and white numbers, it tells us who we are, but it does not tell us who we will be.
Title: Southeast Asians at a Glance: Statistical Profile 2010. Source: SEARAC. Location: Washington D.C. Year: 2011. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 21 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This report provides a range of statistical data pertaining to Southeast Asian American ethnic groups across the United States from the 2010 census. The following general categories of variables are included in the data tables: population, immigration and naturalization; education; income and employment and housing.
Title: Untold Stories of the Foreclosure Crisis: Southeast Asian Americans in the Central Valley. Source: SEARAC and National CAPACD. Location: Washington D.C. Year: 2011. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 30 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The impact of the foreclosure crisis has been felt throughout the country, and the disproportionate impact on communities of color has been well documented by researchers and service providers. The Central Valley in California is among the communities that has been most devastated by the foreclosure crisis. In fact, five of the top twenty cities with the highest foreclosure rates in the nation are located in the Central Valley. The Central Valley is also home to one of the largest concentrations of Southeast Asian Americans in the country. Given the large community of Southeast Asian American residents that settled in the Central Valley beginning in the 1970s, the Central Valley is of great importance to housing counseling practitioners, policy makers, and stakeholders in the field. The purpose of this study is to better document the housing counseling needs of Southeast Asian American residents in the Central Valley and to propose recommendations for addressing the gaps in the existing housing counseling and service network to meet the foreclosure intervention needs of this community. This is the first comprehensive study looking at the impact on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs), and more specifically, Southeast Asian Americans in the Central Valley.
Title: Tobacco Use in Minnesota: A Quantitative Survey of Cambodian, Hmong, Lao and Vietnamese Community Members. Source: Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota, ClearWay MinnesotaSM, Asian Pacific Tobacco-Free Coalition of Minnesota, Southeast Asian Refugee Community Home. Location: Minneapolis, MN. Year: 2009. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 64 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This report presents results of the DREGAN quantitative research initiative, a survey of members of the Southeast Asian communities in Minnesota (Cambodians, Hmong, Lao and Vietnamese). The research project aimed to determine the prevalence of smoking among minnesota’s Southeast Asian communities using culturally appropriate survey methods. An additional goal was to describe knowledge of the harms of tobacco use, attempts to quit and exposure to secondhand smoke among these communities.
Title: Voices of those Impacted by the Economic Downturn and Recommendations for Economic Recovery for the Asian American Worker. Authors: Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2009. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 39 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: (From the Executive Summary): this report offers a picture of the challenges facing Asian refugees and immigrants in today's bleak job market. Their stories put a face on the crisis.
Title: Dropout Prevention: Stories and Ideas from Hmong and Lao High School Students in North Minneapolis Authors: Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2008. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 26 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: (From the Executive Summary): Asian Pacific Islander students as a group are staying in school and finishing school at about the same rate as the statewide rate of 3%. Even in Minneapolis and St. Paul, the two cities with the largest enrollment of API students, the rates are the same as in St. Paul (10%) or slightly better as in Minneapolis (7% vs. 12%). Thus, at first glance administrators, educators, and policymakers might be tempted to look at API students and think that they are doing well. This perception is wrong and it jeopardizes API students, their families, and community. When these rates are compared to the statewide rate, twice as many API students in St. Paul and three times as many API students in Minneapolis dropout. The impact of these statistics are damaging and they are not acceptable.
Title: Hmong Early Childhood Education Needs Assessment. Authors: Zha Blong Xiong, Jesse Kao Lee and Ready4K. Source: Ready4K. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2005. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 26 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this needs assessment was to explore issues related to early childhood education in the Hmong community, perceptions of school readiness, challenges parents face, and what Hmong parents
can do for their children to prepare them for kindergarten.
Title: Southeast Asian American Statistical Profile, 2004. Authors: SEARAC. Source: SEARAC. Location: Washington D.C. Year: 2004. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 30 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This report provides a range of statistical data pertaining to Southeast Asian American ethnic groups across the United States from the 2000 census. The following general categories of variables are included in the data tables: population, immigration and naturalization; education; income and employment and housing.
Title: The Impact of Welfare Reform on Wisconsin's Hmong Aid Recipients. Authors: Thomas Moore and Vicki Selkow. Source: Institute for Wisconsin's Future. Location: Madison, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 38 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: In 1997, Wisconsin initiated a work-based assistance program to replace welfare, impacting the 31,336 families receiving cash assistance in Wisconsin. Approximately 1,200 of these families were Hmong. Under the new time-limited welfare program, Wisconsin Works (W-2) participants were assigned to one of four job placement categories designed to provide the skills and experience needed to compete successfully in the job market. Long-term training and higher education are not allowed. For the Hmong families enrolled in W-2 since its inauguration in the fall of 1997, their two-year time limits in W-2's placement categories are approaching. This study was designed to assess whether the W-2 program has prepared Hmong participants sufficiently for unsubsidized employment. This study seeks to examine: 1) Individual and family characteristics of Hmong cash assistance recipients that impact employment prospects; 2) How effective the W-2 program has been in helping Hmong participants overcome skill and education deficits and be prepared to succeed in the job market; 3) The impact of W-2 on the well-being of Hmong participants and their families. The Institute for Wisconsin’s Future, in partnership with a graduate student researcher at the Milwaukee Hmong/American Friendship Association, completed 137 interviews in Hmong. This convenience sample comprises half of the estimated number of Hmong families enrolled in W-2 in December 1998 and appears to be representative of the overall population of Hmong aid recipients.
Title: 1990 Census of Population: Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States. Authors: U.S. Census Bureau. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Location: Washington, D.C. Year: 1990. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 332 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: A source book of statistical tables pertaining to Asian ethnic groups in the 1990 U.S. Census.
Other Publications/Online Resource Centers Related to Southeast Asian American Studies
Journal of Southeast Asian American Advancement and Education
Abstract: an open access scholarly journal with articles pertaining to the experiences of Southeast Asian Americans with a particular focus on education.
Title: Handbook for Teaching Khmer-Speaking Students Author: Southeast Asia Community Resource Center. Source: Southeast Asia Community Resource Center. Location: Rancho Cordova, CA Year: 1988. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 166 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: A handbook with cultural and pedagogical information to assist educators working with Khmer-speaking students.
Title: Cambodia: Cultural Background for ESOL Teachers. Author: Tuong Hung Nguyen. Source: N.A. Location: N.A. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 5 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This short article provides cultural information intended to assist educators working with Cambodian-origin students.
Title: Thailand: Cultural Background for ESL/EFL Teachers. Author: Tuong Hung Nguyen. Source: N.A. Location: N.A. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 5 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This short article provides cultural information intended to assist educators working with Thai-origin students.
Title: Hmong mental health An assessment of mental health needs and services for the Hmong community in Ramsey County. Author: Mao Thao, Amy Leite, & Julie Atella. Source: Wilder Foundation. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2010. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 92 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The Children and Family Services (CFS) division of the Amherst H. Wilder Foundation and Ramsey County’s Children’s Mental Health Services (CMHS) contracted with Wilder Research to evaluate the mental health needs of the Hmong community, and the availability and accessibility of mental health services for Hmong youth and adults in Ramsey County. Research questions included: What is the scope of mental health issues within the Hmong community? Is there a need for Western mental health services in Ramsey County? What disparities exist? How can the mental health system reduce disparities for Hmong children, youth and adults? What barriers does the Hmong community face in accessing mental health services? What barriers prevent Hmong children, youth, and adults from being identified and referred for mental health services? Where and how do Hmong families access mental health services? What is the availability of mental health services within Ramsey County for the Hmong community? What mental health services are effective? How can those services be improved? What mental health services are most needed? How can social and health systems within Ramsey County be more responsive to the mental health needs of the Hmong community?
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Volume 1, Final Report. Author: Bruce T. Downing, Douglas P. Olney, Sarah R. Mason and Glenn Hendricks, et al. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 318 pages. Format: PDF.
Abstract: The Hmong Resettlement Study is a national project funded by the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement. The study is the joint undertaking of Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory (Portland, Oregon), the University of Minnesota and Lao Family Community (Santa Ana, California). The major purposes of the Study are to examine closely the resettlement of Hmong refugees in the United States, focusing on the following issues: What has been the resettlement experience of the Hmong?
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas. Author: Bruce T. Downing. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 66 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas: what their employment experiences have been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Much of the data was gathered through personal interviews with Hmong and individuals working with them in Dallas-Fort Worth. Section I gives general information about the area, the population, economic base, employment possibilities, welfare, housing, refugee services, and community relations. Section II gives brief information on the size and history of the Hmong population in Dallas-Fort Worth, which was estimated at approximately 360 in 1983. Section III describes employment (between 90 and 98% employed), economic self-sufficiency, welfare dependence, job training, education, and adult English-as-a-second-language programs. Section IV summarizes the findings specific to the Dallas-Fort Worth site, which include: (1) a very high level of employment and two-income families, meaning relative economic prosperity; (2) low rate of dependence on public assistance and refugee programs; (3) high rate of home ownership; and (4) a high percentage of young people completing high school and continuing on to higher education. The most serious problem found was the failure of some adults to learn English. The future of the Hmong in Dallas-Fort Worth looks generally positive and, aside from the language problem, is an example of a successful resettlement experience.
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Fort Smith, Arkansas. Author: Bruce T. Downing. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 74 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Fort Smith, Arkansas: what their employment experiences have been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Much of the data was gathered through personal interviews with Hmong and individuals working with them in Fort Smith. Section I gives general information about the area, the population, the economic base (manufacturing), employment possibilities, welfare, housing, refugee services, and the relatively positive community response to the refugees. Section II gives brief information on the size and history of the Hmong population in Fort Smith, which was estimated at approximately 296 in 1983. Section III describes employment which, while high, is low paying and entirely based on one industry (manufacturing), welfare assistance (none of the Fort Smith Hmong receive welfare); economic development (land purchases for farming); job training; education (including particular problems for Hmong girls); and adult English-as-a-second-language programs. Section IV summarizes the findings specific to the Fort Smith area, which include: (1) all Hmong in Fort Smith are there as a result of planned secondary migration; (2) there is high employment but the family incomes are low and medical expenses are a major problem; (3) there is underemployment; (4) there are insufficient opportunities for developing English proficiency and work experience; (5) the Hmong are developing plans and strategies for economic growth but are faced with very little means of acquiring capital. (CG)
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Orange County, California. Author: Mary Cohn. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 81 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document describes the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Orange County, California: what their employment experience has been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Much of the data was gathered through personal interviews with Hmong living in Orange County and resettlement workers involved with this group. The first section of the report gives general information about Orange County and describes what welfare benefits, housing, and refugee services are available, as well as how receptive the community is to refugees. Section II gives brief information on the local Hmong population who, according to one source, numbered approximately 3,000 in 1983. Section III deals with employment and education issues: what jobs are available; how limited English skills affect employment and how these obstacles are being combatted; the problem of welfare as a disincentive both for work and education; the availability of job training; how Hmong students are faring in school; and adult language instruction. The final section describes the long range problems and expectations for the Hmong in Orange County, including the increasing mental health problems, particularly of the middle aged and older members of the population; and how the young Hmong view their possibilities in the United States.
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Portland, Oregon. Author: Michael Sweeney. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 71 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong Refugees in Portland, Oregon: what their employment experiences have been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Section I gives general information about Portland, its population, economy, employment market, welfare, housing, refugee services, and the mixed community reaction to Hmong refugees. Section II gives brief information on the size and history of the Hmong population in Portland, which was approximately 1,068 in 1983. Section III discusses employment and education issues. Section IV discusses the unique significance of Portland as a site in that it experienced an emigration of Hmong which reduced the refugee population by three-fourths. The section also summarizes the site findings, which include: (1) secondary migration from Oregon to California has significantly affected the Portland Hmong community; (2) the Hmong desire economic self-sufficiency and feel that public assistance should be tied to employment; (3) despite a poor economy, many families have at least one employed member; (4) the Hmong feel they have not benefited from employment services and mostly have found jobs through community networks; (5) there are few vocational or job training opportunities and they feel that ESL should be closely tied to job training; and (6) high school students have difficulty graduating and are not receiving adequate vocational training.
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Minneapolis-St. Paul. Author: Bruce Downing. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 102 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota: what their employment experiences have been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Much of the data was gathered through personal interviews with Hmong and individuals working with them in Minneapolis-St. Paul. Section I gives general information about the Twin Cities, their general population, other minority groups, economic base, employment climate, welfare, housing, refugee services, and community reaction to the Hmong. Section II gives brief information on the size and history of the Hmong population in the Twin Cities, which was estimated at approximately 8,252 in 1982. Section III discusses employment, welfare dependence, job training and education for adults, public school education, and English-as-a-second-language for adults. Section IV discusses the unique features of the Twin Cities as a Hmong resettlement area in that Hmong are the primary refugee group in the area and thus services have been specially geared toward their needs. Section V discusses the future of the Hmong in Minneapolis-St. Paul, their goals, likelihood of secondary migration, and possibility of repartriation. In general, the mood of the Hmong community in the Twin Cities is one of frustration and depression.
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Fresno. Author: Stephen Reder. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 143 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Fresno County, California: what their employment experience has been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-tern adjustment. Much of the data was gathered through personal interviews with Hmong and individuals working with Hmong in Fresno County. The first section gives general information about Fresno County and describes the general population, other refugee groups, the economic base (farming), economic problems, housing, problems of refugee services, and the very negative community reaction to Hmong refugees. Section II gives information on the size and history of the Hmong population who, according to one source, numbered approximately 10,000 in May, 1983. Section III considers a variety of resettlement issues, including lack of English proficiency, lack of job skills, discrimination, welfare dependence, lack of job search skills, and the lack of entrepreneurial experience and technical assistance for farmers and small businessmen. Also discussed are education issues, in particular the feelings of extreme disorientation the Hmong feel in the schools and their sense that the education is inappropriate for their needs. The final section considers secondary migration, welfare disincentives, socialization problems, and psychological issues. The paper concludes with extensive appendices, which include Fresno County welfare caseloads, refugee services available, organization of services, and transcripts of letters translated into English from Hmong in Fresno County.
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Providence, Rhode Island. Author: John Finck. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 67 pages. Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Providence, Rhode Island: what their employment experiences have been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Section I gives general information about the area, the population, the economic base and employment opportunities, welfare, housing, refugee services, and a mixed community reaction to the Hmong. Section II gives a brief summary of the size and history of the Hmong population in Providence, which was estimated at approximately 1,700-2,000 in 1983. Section III discusses the issues of employment, job training, education, and adult English-as-a-second-language programs. In section IV summaries of the site specific findings are given, along with reflections on the future of the Hmong in Providence. Some of these findings are as follows: (1) housing is inexpensive either for rental or purchase; (2) there are a large number of entry level jobs in the jewelry and metal industries which, while low paying, give the Hmong jobs and often provide health insurance benefits; (3) the Hmong community is recognized and funding is available for them throughout the state; (4) employers are increasingly receptive to refugees; (5) health centers with bilingual staff are available; (6) there is an undercurrent of racial tension, and segregated housing patterns limit the Hmong to high crime neighborhoods. In general, the outlook for the Hmong in Providence is seen as relatively positive with the expectation that they will reduce their welfare dependency rate below the average for United States' citizens
Title: Hmong Americans in the 2013 American Community Survey. Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 3 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A short article analyzing Hmong American population and demographic trends in the 2013 American Community Survey in California, Minnesota and the U.S. as a whole.
Title: Bibliographic Guide to Recent Hmong Studies Research. Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 34 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Along with an overview of recently released census data from the 2012 American Community Survey, this report provides an overview of key recent works in Hmong Studies research in the realms of education, socioeconomic adaptation, health, race relations, gender, cultural adaptation, Hmong in Asia studies and reference works.
Title: Hmong 101 Presentation by Hmong Cultural Center (Updated November 2012). Author: Mark E. Pfeifer and Txongpao Lee. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: 2012. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 18 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A short presentation with a basic introduction to the Hmong. The document includes information about the Hmong population around the world, a timeline of Hmong history, a summary of Hmong involvement assisting the U.S. in Laos during the Vietnam War era, Hmong refugee migration to Western countries, Hmong population in the U.S., Hmong American demographics, Hmong clans, Hmong religion, the Hmong language, cultural etiquette for, and resource websites.
Title: Generation and Gender Roles in Hmong Society, Part 1. Author: Kou Yang. Source: California State University, Stanislaus. Publisher Location: Turlock, CA. Year: 2008. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 48 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A short presentation which provides an overview of gender and generational roles in Hmong society in Asia and the United States.
Title: Generation and Gender Roles in Hmong Society, Part 2. Author: Kou Yang. Source: California State University, Stanislaus. Publisher Location: Turlock, CA. Year: 2008. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 39 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Part 2 of a short presentation which provides an overview of gender and generational roles in Hmong society in Asia and the United States.
Title: An Overview of Recent Developments in Hmong-American and Lao-American Studies Research. Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2007. Additional Source Information: Presentation by Mark E. Pfeifer at the 2nd International Conference on Lao Studies, Arizona State University, May 4, 2007. Pagination: 16 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: This short presentation provides information about Hmong and Lao American population and demographic trends in the 2005 American Community Survey. A comparison of research trends in Hmong and Lao American Studies is also provided.
Title: Resources for a Dialogue on Hmong Studies: Panel Presentation. Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2006. Additional Source Information: Panel Presentation by Mark E. Pfeifer at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, April 11, 2006. Pagination: 10 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: The author of this short presentation provides some thoughts on what a Hmong Studies academic program might encompass. Also provided is an overview of recent research in Hmong Studies, research needs in the Hmong Studies field and a list of online research resources.
Title: The State of Hmong American Studies (Bibliographic Essay). Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2005. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 12 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: This bibliographic essay provides an overview of key research publications in different subfields of Hmong Studies including health and medicine, education, gender, family life and relationships, oral and family histories, religious adaptation, cultural consumption and production, socioeconomic incorporation and race relations, and research resources.
Title: Hmong-Related Research: Past, Present, and Future Directions (Bibliographic Essay). Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2005. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: N.A. Format: HTML (Web-based)
Abstract: This short article is intended to introduce the reader to the Hmong Studies literature. Key scholars and works from different eras are discussed including the 18th century up to 1950, 1950-1975 and post-1975. The author also speculates about future directions in the field. A bibliography of important Hmong Studies publications is provided.
Title: General Interest Hmong Resources Presentation. Author: Mark E. Pfeifer. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Publisher Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2004. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 26 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Intended for a general audience, this short presentation provides information about available resources to the Hmong in different topical subfields including overviews of Hmong culture, Hmong American literature, Hmong American health and medicine, Hmong American education, lesson plans and activities for youth, youth and children's books, dictionaries, bibliographies, statistical information, academic journals, literary journals, videos and research websites.
Title: 2000 Hmong Census Publication. Authors: Hmong Cultural Center and Hmong National Development. Source: Hmong Cultural Center and Hmong National Development. Publisher Location: Saint Paul and Washington D.C. Year: 2004. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 75 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This report provides detailed statistical data related to Hmong Americans in the 2000 census. Data tables are provided at the national level and also the state level for states with substantial Hmong populations. Seven analysis articles are presented by scholars. These articles discuss population, demographic, educational, socioeconomic and housing trends impacting Hmong American communities.
Title: Hmong Studies Scholars Respond to NY Times Article ("Hmong Hunter Said to be a Shaman"). Authors: Dia Cha, Mark Pfeifer and Nicholas Tapp. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2004. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: N.A. Format: HTML (Web-based)
Abstract: In this short piece, three scholars of Hmong Studies react to a New York Times article that attempted to make a connection between the traditional Hmong religious practice of shamanism and a tragic incident in Wisconsin in 2004 involving a confrontation between a Hmong hunter and several non-Hmong hunters.
Title: Hmong Journey for Freedom Author: Mai Xiong. Source: Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center. Location: Saint Paul. Year: 2002. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: N.A. Format: HTML (Web-based).
Abstract: This short article describes the experiences of Hmong in Laos and refugee camps in Thailand following the aftermath of the Communist Pathet Lao takeover of the country in 1975.
Title: Txoov Siv Yis. Hwj Huaj Neeb Kho Mob. Tus Txiv Neeb. Hwj Huaj Neeb. Lwm Sub Xa Xyoo Laus. Pov Pob Xyoo Tshiab. (History of the Shaman Ceremony in Hmong Culture). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 12 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A short history of the Hmong Shaman ceremony in Hmong culture. This publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Zaj Qeej Tu Siav. Zaj Qeej Tsa Nees. Zaj Qeej: Tshais, Sus, Hmo. Zaj Qeej Cob Tsiaj. Hlawv Ntawv Thiab Sawv Kev (Hmong Qeej Songs Played in the Hmong Funeral Ceremony). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 12 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A collection of Qeej songs played in the Hmong funeral ceremony. The publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Zaj Nkauj Tu Siav. Zaj Nkauj Noj Sus. Zaj Nkauj Noj Hmo. Zaj Nkauj Hlawv Ntawv. Zaj Hu Muam Phauj Los Txiv Dab Laug Tuaj Hlub. (Hmong Funeral Ceremony Songs Part 1). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 18 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A collection of orally recited funeral songs from the Hmong funeral ceremony. The publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Cov Nkauj Plig. Zaj Nkauj Plig Qab Cub. Zaj Nkauj Plig Noj Sus. Zaj Nkauj Hlawv Ntawv. Zaj Txhiaj, Txhais Plig. (Hmong Funeral Ceremony Songs Part 2). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 20 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A collection of Hmong funeral ceremony songs in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Tshoob Kos (Hmong Traditional Wedding Procedures). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 22 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A guide to Hmong Wedding Procedures. In the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Hmoob Lub Neej Nyob Yaj Ces Tuam Meem Teb (Suav Teb) Txij Li Tiam 1 Mus Txog Tiam 18. (Hmong Life in China from the 1st Century to 18th Century). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 12 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Information and folk legends about Hmong life in China from the 1st Century to the 18th Century. The publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Hmoob Lub Neej Nyob Yaj. Ces Teb Tsim Meej (Los Tsuas), Txij Li Tiam 18 mus txog tiam 20 (Hmong Life in Laos from the 18th to 20th century). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 12 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Information about Hmong history in Laos. Written in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Dab Neeg hmoob lub ntuj tsim lub teb raug (Hmong History: The Beginning of the World). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 4 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A discussion of a folk tale that tells about the beginning of the world. The publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Dab Neeg hmoob lub ntuj tsim lub teb raug (Hmong History: The Beginning of the World)(Long Version). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 22 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: A discussion of a folk tale that tells about the beginning of the world. The publication is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Neeg lub cev zeej txhiaj (The Human Body (Heart/Liver, etc). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 8 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not available.
Title: Tus Txheej Txheem Kab Kev Pam Tuag (Hmong Traditional Funeral Ceremony Procedures). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 20 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: This book describes the procedures associated with the traditional Hmong funeral ceremony. The work is in the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Hauv Paus Lus Tseem Ceeb Cob Qhia Keeb Zeej (A Guide to Morality in the Hmong Culture). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 20 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not available.
Title: Qeej. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 29 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Curriculum for teaching the Qeej Musical Instrument. In the Hmong RPA script.
Title: Tsev Teej Kawm Hmoob Txuj Ci. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 38 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Phau ntawv piav txog haiv hmoob lub neej ua nojrun haus nyob. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 70 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Yawg Paj Cai Vwj Sawv Xov Khawm Xyoo 1919 Mus Txog Xyoo 1921 Nyob Los Tsuas Sab Qaum Teb Yog Dab Tsi? Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 38 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Zaj Kwv Huam Hais Txog. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 14 pages. Format: PDF File
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Dag Neeg Tshiaj Tsov Neeg. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 25 pages. Format: PDF File.
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Phau Ntawv Qhia. Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 77 pages. Format: PDF File.
Abstract: Not Available.
Title: Hmoob keeb kwm nyob tuam tshoj yaj ces tuam meem teb (China). Author: Tougeu Leepalao. Source: Hmong Cultural Center. Publisher Location: St. Paul, MN. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 17 pages. Format: PDF File.
Abstract: Information about Hmong history in Guizhou province in China.
Other Research Publications
Title: Conservation and Ethnobotanical Knowledge of a Hmong Community in Long Lan, Luang Prabang, Lao People's Democratic Republic Authors: Cory William Whitney, Min (Meej Vaj) Vang Sin, Giang Lê Hồng, Can Vu Van, Keith Barber, Lanh Thi Tran. Location: N.A. Publisher: Ethnobotany Journal: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 16 pages. Format: PDF.
Abstract: In 2012 and 2013 participatory ethnobotany explorations were undertaken with herbalists from the Hmong ethnic group of Long Lan village, in Luang Prabang, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. These investigations into the knowledge and experience of indigenous elders of Long Lan and surrounding villages sought to identify the relationship between the spiritual-cultural practices and livelihood uses of plants and their conservation. Information about 74 plant species of 49 families was recorded, including 25 herbs (17 perennial, 8 annual), 20 trees, 17 shrubs, 10 climbers, and 2 ferns. Analysis of quantitative ethnobotany scores indicated positive trends between uses and conservation practices for plants. The study suggests that the traditional Hmong cultural uses for plants may be a mechanism for the conservation of biodiversity in the rapidly deteriorating forests of Luang Prabang in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic.
Title: Exploring Travel Interests and Constraints among Minnesota Hmong. Authors: Michele Schermann, Ingrid Schneider, Chou Moua & Tou Thai Lee. Location: Minneapolis. Publisher: University of Minnesota Extension. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 26 pages. Format: PDF.
Abstract: As Minnesotans comprise about half of Minnesota’s travel market (Davidson Peterson, 2012), understanding this in-state population is important to attract and retain consumers and, subsequently, support communities and economies. As of 2015, tourist data primarily focuses on white, non-Hispanics. Other markets exist, however,and are growing in Minnesota and elsewhere. A rather unique Minnesota market is the Hmong, as the state has the second highest Hmong population in the United States. Research on other immigrant groups finds some challenges and opportunities related to leisure and leisure-related activities, such as travel. This report provides results from initial qualitative explorations of Hmong leisure travel behaviors. Given a self-reported propensity towards outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism, Hmong are particularly important to consider in destination areas where the outdoors is a key attraction. Results will inform planning, marketing,and product development for Hmong tourists as a niche group both in the United States and Minnesota.Six focus groups occurred fall 2014 with a convenience sample of Hmong Minnesotans across three age groups (n= 56). Held in socially valued places and facilitated by a Hmong Minnesotan who could speak Hmong and English, the focus groups explored travel interests, behaviors,and preferences among participants. The discussions took place in the language preferred by the group (English, Hmong,or a combination of the two), were recorded for later review, and ended with a traditional Hmong meal. Participants were compensated for their time ($50) and invited to review and confirm the data and findings.Data revealed Hmong travel for and are generally constrained from travel for similar reasons as non-Hmong. Specifically, Hmong Minnesotans travel to get away, relax, and visit attractions or appealing destinations. Hmong Minnesotans do not travel as much as they desire due to time, finances, and distance to destinations. Like other immigrant groups, the influence of culture on leisure travel preferences and participation was clear,as were constraints of discrimination. Specific cultural influences on travel included the perceived value of leisure travel, familial responsibility for elders, travel group size, as well as food preferences. Discrimination was particularly prominent outside the Twin Cities Metropolitan area. Generational differences in travel preferences and behaviors existed and are in stark contrast to the broader U.S. and Minnesota population where the older generation has more money and interest in travel than -Hmong elders and the younger generation is not as culturally compelled toward group family travel. To attract and retain Hmong consumers, Hmong suggest 1) facility information, specifically for larger travel groups and parking; 2) Hmong marketing through word of mouth, traditional and electronic, 3) packages and tours including Hmong travelers.
Title: Hmong-Mien Languages. Author: David Mortenson Location: N.A. Publisher: Oxford Bibliographies. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: N.A. Format: HTML.
Abstract: Hmong-Mien is a compact language family of East and Southeast Asia. Its speakers are found primarily in southern China and the northern highlands of Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar (Burma). Most speakers of Hmong-Mien languages belong to the so-called Miao and Yao ethnicities (or nationalities). Due to geopolitical circumstances, many speakers of two Hmong-Mien languages from Laos—Hmong and Iu Mien—emigrated to Western countries (the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, France, French Guyana, and Germany) between 1970 and 1998, leading to the current worldwide distribution of this language family. Hmong-Mien has two primary branches: Hmongic and Mienic. Hmongic is larger (in terms of number of speakers) and has greater internal diversity. It has also been the focus of more efforts at documentation. As a result, more literature is available on Hmongic languages than Mienic languages. This bibliography represents an attempt to include as many resources on Mienic as possible but nevertheless reflects this fundamental imbalance in sources.
Title: State of the Hmong American Community (2010 Census Report). Authors: M.E. Pfeifer, and B. K. Thao (Eds.), Location: Washington, DC: Hmong National Development. Year: 2013. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 55 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The State of the Hmong American Community report is a compilation of work from scholars that analyze the current state of Hmong Americans across the United States. It is based upon 2010 Census data, the American Community Survey, and academic literature reviews. Each piece assesses trends in six issue areas, including population growth and demographics, socioeconomics, education, household, health disparities and mental health. These specific authors were invited to contribute to the report given their expertise in Hmong American studies, as well as within their respective disciplines. The diversity of disciplines, authors, and regions represented is a strength of this report, allowing for multiple voices to be heard. That being said, Hmong National Development (HND) would like to make it clear that the content or language in the articles does not explicitly represent the views of HND. Yet as a collective, they tell a broader story of how the Hmong American community has progressed since the last Census in 2000. We believe this information must be shared with community members, educators, policy makers, and others serving the Hmong American community.
Title: A Community of Contrasts: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in the Midwest. Authors: Asian American Justice Center. Location: Washington, DC: Asian American Justice Center. Year: 2012. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 90 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: To promote better public policy in the face of rapid demographic change, A Community of Contrasts: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in the Midwest, 2012 provides community organizations, policy makers, foundations, businesses, and others with the latest data on the Midwest’s growing Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) communities. The report features data on discrete ethnic groups to advance a better understanding of the considerable social and economic diversity, assets, and compelling needs within these communities.
Title: Asian Pacific Students in Minnesota: Facts, not Fiction. Authors: Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2012. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 46 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: (From the Executive Summary), according to the Minnesota Comprehensive Assessment (MCA) 2011 test results,66.1% and 54.4% of Asian Pacific students scored as proficient on the MCA reading and math tests, respectively. In comparison, 80.8% and 63.3% of White students were proficient in reading and math, respectively. This seemingly smaller achievement gap between Asian Pacific and White students has led to less attention and concern given to the needs of Asian Pacific students in Minnesota. However, researchers, community members, and educational professionals have long recognized that the reporting of aggregated data for Asian Pacific students is misleading and masks educational disparities experienced within the Asian Pacific population in Minnesota.In response, this report disaggregates MCA data for Asian Pacific students by language spoken at home, ethnicity, income level, English proficiency, and mobility. Through such analysis, this report provides new understandings about the academic performance of Asian Pacific students in Minnesota.
Title: State of the Asian Pacific Minnesotans Report. Authors: Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2012. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 36 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Every ten years, the United States of America goes about the process of counting or enumeration of its population. This census is constitutionally mandated as a way to apportion the members of the United States House of Representatives. The census is also used to distribute federal funding to local communities. In the 2010 Census, approximately 74% of households returned their census form by mail, the remaining households were counted by census workers walking neighborhoods throughout the United States. Minnesota’s response rate was 75%.The census is the most comprehensive source of demographic data on the US population and tells us much about our nation’s people and its change over time. This report presents the current state of Asian Pacific Minnesotans, what our population is, and our social and economic status. The data herein provides a snapshot of the lives we lead and is evidence of the struggles and successes we face. In black and white numbers, it tells us who we are, but it does not tell us who we will be.
Title: Southeast Asians at a Glance: Statistical Profile 2010. Source: SEARAC. Location: Washington D.C. Year: 2011. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 21 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This report provides a range of statistical data pertaining to Southeast Asian American ethnic groups across the United States from the 2010 census. The following general categories of variables are included in the data tables: population, immigration and naturalization; education; income and employment and housing.
Title: Untold Stories of the Foreclosure Crisis: Southeast Asian Americans in the Central Valley. Source: SEARAC and National CAPACD. Location: Washington D.C. Year: 2011. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 30 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The impact of the foreclosure crisis has been felt throughout the country, and the disproportionate impact on communities of color has been well documented by researchers and service providers. The Central Valley in California is among the communities that has been most devastated by the foreclosure crisis. In fact, five of the top twenty cities with the highest foreclosure rates in the nation are located in the Central Valley. The Central Valley is also home to one of the largest concentrations of Southeast Asian Americans in the country. Given the large community of Southeast Asian American residents that settled in the Central Valley beginning in the 1970s, the Central Valley is of great importance to housing counseling practitioners, policy makers, and stakeholders in the field. The purpose of this study is to better document the housing counseling needs of Southeast Asian American residents in the Central Valley and to propose recommendations for addressing the gaps in the existing housing counseling and service network to meet the foreclosure intervention needs of this community. This is the first comprehensive study looking at the impact on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs), and more specifically, Southeast Asian Americans in the Central Valley.
Title: Tobacco Use in Minnesota: A Quantitative Survey of Cambodian, Hmong, Lao and Vietnamese Community Members. Source: Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota, ClearWay MinnesotaSM, Asian Pacific Tobacco-Free Coalition of Minnesota, Southeast Asian Refugee Community Home. Location: Minneapolis, MN. Year: 2009. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 64 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This report presents results of the DREGAN quantitative research initiative, a survey of members of the Southeast Asian communities in Minnesota (Cambodians, Hmong, Lao and Vietnamese). The research project aimed to determine the prevalence of smoking among minnesota’s Southeast Asian communities using culturally appropriate survey methods. An additional goal was to describe knowledge of the harms of tobacco use, attempts to quit and exposure to secondhand smoke among these communities.
Title: Voices of those Impacted by the Economic Downturn and Recommendations for Economic Recovery for the Asian American Worker. Authors: Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2009. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 39 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: (From the Executive Summary): this report offers a picture of the challenges facing Asian refugees and immigrants in today's bleak job market. Their stories put a face on the crisis.
Title: Dropout Prevention: Stories and Ideas from Hmong and Lao High School Students in North Minneapolis Authors: Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2008. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 26 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: (From the Executive Summary): Asian Pacific Islander students as a group are staying in school and finishing school at about the same rate as the statewide rate of 3%. Even in Minneapolis and St. Paul, the two cities with the largest enrollment of API students, the rates are the same as in St. Paul (10%) or slightly better as in Minneapolis (7% vs. 12%). Thus, at first glance administrators, educators, and policymakers might be tempted to look at API students and think that they are doing well. This perception is wrong and it jeopardizes API students, their families, and community. When these rates are compared to the statewide rate, twice as many API students in St. Paul and three times as many API students in Minneapolis dropout. The impact of these statistics are damaging and they are not acceptable.
Title: Hmong Early Childhood Education Needs Assessment. Authors: Zha Blong Xiong, Jesse Kao Lee and Ready4K. Source: Ready4K. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2005. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 26 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this needs assessment was to explore issues related to early childhood education in the Hmong community, perceptions of school readiness, challenges parents face, and what Hmong parents
can do for their children to prepare them for kindergarten.
Title: Southeast Asian American Statistical Profile, 2004. Authors: SEARAC. Source: SEARAC. Location: Washington D.C. Year: 2004. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 30 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This report provides a range of statistical data pertaining to Southeast Asian American ethnic groups across the United States from the 2000 census. The following general categories of variables are included in the data tables: population, immigration and naturalization; education; income and employment and housing.
Title: The Impact of Welfare Reform on Wisconsin's Hmong Aid Recipients. Authors: Thomas Moore and Vicki Selkow. Source: Institute for Wisconsin's Future. Location: Madison, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 38 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: In 1997, Wisconsin initiated a work-based assistance program to replace welfare, impacting the 31,336 families receiving cash assistance in Wisconsin. Approximately 1,200 of these families were Hmong. Under the new time-limited welfare program, Wisconsin Works (W-2) participants were assigned to one of four job placement categories designed to provide the skills and experience needed to compete successfully in the job market. Long-term training and higher education are not allowed. For the Hmong families enrolled in W-2 since its inauguration in the fall of 1997, their two-year time limits in W-2's placement categories are approaching. This study was designed to assess whether the W-2 program has prepared Hmong participants sufficiently for unsubsidized employment. This study seeks to examine: 1) Individual and family characteristics of Hmong cash assistance recipients that impact employment prospects; 2) How effective the W-2 program has been in helping Hmong participants overcome skill and education deficits and be prepared to succeed in the job market; 3) The impact of W-2 on the well-being of Hmong participants and their families. The Institute for Wisconsin’s Future, in partnership with a graduate student researcher at the Milwaukee Hmong/American Friendship Association, completed 137 interviews in Hmong. This convenience sample comprises half of the estimated number of Hmong families enrolled in W-2 in December 1998 and appears to be representative of the overall population of Hmong aid recipients.
Title: 1990 Census of Population: Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States. Authors: U.S. Census Bureau. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Location: Washington, D.C. Year: 1990. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 332 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: A source book of statistical tables pertaining to Asian ethnic groups in the 1990 U.S. Census.
Other Publications/Online Resource Centers Related to Southeast Asian American Studies
Journal of Southeast Asian American Advancement and Education
Abstract: an open access scholarly journal with articles pertaining to the experiences of Southeast Asian Americans with a particular focus on education.
Title: Handbook for Teaching Khmer-Speaking Students Author: Southeast Asia Community Resource Center. Source: Southeast Asia Community Resource Center. Location: Rancho Cordova, CA Year: 1988. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 166 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: A handbook with cultural and pedagogical information to assist educators working with Khmer-speaking students.
Title: Cambodia: Cultural Background for ESOL Teachers. Author: Tuong Hung Nguyen. Source: N.A. Location: N.A. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 5 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This short article provides cultural information intended to assist educators working with Cambodian-origin students.
Title: Thailand: Cultural Background for ESL/EFL Teachers. Author: Tuong Hung Nguyen. Source: N.A. Location: N.A. Year: N.A. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 5 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This short article provides cultural information intended to assist educators working with Thai-origin students.
Title: Hmong mental health An assessment of mental health needs and services for the Hmong community in Ramsey County. Author: Mao Thao, Amy Leite, & Julie Atella. Source: Wilder Foundation. Location: Saint Paul, MN. Year: 2010. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 92 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The Children and Family Services (CFS) division of the Amherst H. Wilder Foundation and Ramsey County’s Children’s Mental Health Services (CMHS) contracted with Wilder Research to evaluate the mental health needs of the Hmong community, and the availability and accessibility of mental health services for Hmong youth and adults in Ramsey County. Research questions included: What is the scope of mental health issues within the Hmong community? Is there a need for Western mental health services in Ramsey County? What disparities exist? How can the mental health system reduce disparities for Hmong children, youth and adults? What barriers does the Hmong community face in accessing mental health services? What barriers prevent Hmong children, youth, and adults from being identified and referred for mental health services? Where and how do Hmong families access mental health services? What is the availability of mental health services within Ramsey County for the Hmong community? What mental health services are effective? How can those services be improved? What mental health services are most needed? How can social and health systems within Ramsey County be more responsive to the mental health needs of the Hmong community?
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Volume 1, Final Report. Author: Bruce T. Downing, Douglas P. Olney, Sarah R. Mason and Glenn Hendricks, et al. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 318 pages. Format: PDF.
Abstract: The Hmong Resettlement Study is a national project funded by the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement. The study is the joint undertaking of Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory (Portland, Oregon), the University of Minnesota and Lao Family Community (Santa Ana, California). The major purposes of the Study are to examine closely the resettlement of Hmong refugees in the United States, focusing on the following issues: What has been the resettlement experience of the Hmong?
- How are the Hmong faring in terms of employment, dependence, and adjustment?
- Are there areas of employment in which the Hmong have been particularly successful?
- What do resettlement workers and the Hmong regard as the major impediments to effective Hmong resettlement and self-sufficiency?
- What role does secondary migration play in the resettlement of the Hmong? What are the reasons for secondary migration among this group? What are the implications for resettlement strategies?
- How are problems being handled? What kinds of solutions are being tried, by different resettlement communities and by the Hmong themselves?
- How many and what kinds of entrepreneurial economic development projects involving the Hmong are currently in operation, e.g., farming projects, Pa ndau cooperatives? How were they developed and how successful are they?
- What kinds of Hmong employment strategies have been particularly successful?
- How might resettlement be conducted differently for the Hmong? What new projects and approaches are being considered by those involved in Hmong resettlement? How would the Hmong want resettlement to be done differently?
- How can the Hmong be resettled in a way that better utilizes their strengths and unique characteristics?
- What do the Hmong want for themselves? What do Hmong view as essential for effective resettlement? What are their goals for the future? For the next generation of Hmong?
- Orange County, California
- Fresno, California
- Portland, Oregon
- Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota
- Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas
- Fort Smith, Arkansas
- Providence, Rhode Island
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas. Author: Bruce T. Downing. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 66 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas: what their employment experiences have been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Much of the data was gathered through personal interviews with Hmong and individuals working with them in Dallas-Fort Worth. Section I gives general information about the area, the population, economic base, employment possibilities, welfare, housing, refugee services, and community relations. Section II gives brief information on the size and history of the Hmong population in Dallas-Fort Worth, which was estimated at approximately 360 in 1983. Section III describes employment (between 90 and 98% employed), economic self-sufficiency, welfare dependence, job training, education, and adult English-as-a-second-language programs. Section IV summarizes the findings specific to the Dallas-Fort Worth site, which include: (1) a very high level of employment and two-income families, meaning relative economic prosperity; (2) low rate of dependence on public assistance and refugee programs; (3) high rate of home ownership; and (4) a high percentage of young people completing high school and continuing on to higher education. The most serious problem found was the failure of some adults to learn English. The future of the Hmong in Dallas-Fort Worth looks generally positive and, aside from the language problem, is an example of a successful resettlement experience.
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Fort Smith, Arkansas. Author: Bruce T. Downing. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 74 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Fort Smith, Arkansas: what their employment experiences have been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Much of the data was gathered through personal interviews with Hmong and individuals working with them in Fort Smith. Section I gives general information about the area, the population, the economic base (manufacturing), employment possibilities, welfare, housing, refugee services, and the relatively positive community response to the refugees. Section II gives brief information on the size and history of the Hmong population in Fort Smith, which was estimated at approximately 296 in 1983. Section III describes employment which, while high, is low paying and entirely based on one industry (manufacturing), welfare assistance (none of the Fort Smith Hmong receive welfare); economic development (land purchases for farming); job training; education (including particular problems for Hmong girls); and adult English-as-a-second-language programs. Section IV summarizes the findings specific to the Fort Smith area, which include: (1) all Hmong in Fort Smith are there as a result of planned secondary migration; (2) there is high employment but the family incomes are low and medical expenses are a major problem; (3) there is underemployment; (4) there are insufficient opportunities for developing English proficiency and work experience; (5) the Hmong are developing plans and strategies for economic growth but are faced with very little means of acquiring capital. (CG)
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Orange County, California. Author: Mary Cohn. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 81 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document describes the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Orange County, California: what their employment experience has been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Much of the data was gathered through personal interviews with Hmong living in Orange County and resettlement workers involved with this group. The first section of the report gives general information about Orange County and describes what welfare benefits, housing, and refugee services are available, as well as how receptive the community is to refugees. Section II gives brief information on the local Hmong population who, according to one source, numbered approximately 3,000 in 1983. Section III deals with employment and education issues: what jobs are available; how limited English skills affect employment and how these obstacles are being combatted; the problem of welfare as a disincentive both for work and education; the availability of job training; how Hmong students are faring in school; and adult language instruction. The final section describes the long range problems and expectations for the Hmong in Orange County, including the increasing mental health problems, particularly of the middle aged and older members of the population; and how the young Hmong view their possibilities in the United States.
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Portland, Oregon. Author: Michael Sweeney. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 71 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong Refugees in Portland, Oregon: what their employment experiences have been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Section I gives general information about Portland, its population, economy, employment market, welfare, housing, refugee services, and the mixed community reaction to Hmong refugees. Section II gives brief information on the size and history of the Hmong population in Portland, which was approximately 1,068 in 1983. Section III discusses employment and education issues. Section IV discusses the unique significance of Portland as a site in that it experienced an emigration of Hmong which reduced the refugee population by three-fourths. The section also summarizes the site findings, which include: (1) secondary migration from Oregon to California has significantly affected the Portland Hmong community; (2) the Hmong desire economic self-sufficiency and feel that public assistance should be tied to employment; (3) despite a poor economy, many families have at least one employed member; (4) the Hmong feel they have not benefited from employment services and mostly have found jobs through community networks; (5) there are few vocational or job training opportunities and they feel that ESL should be closely tied to job training; and (6) high school students have difficulty graduating and are not receiving adequate vocational training.
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Minneapolis-St. Paul. Author: Bruce Downing. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 102 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota: what their employment experiences have been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Much of the data was gathered through personal interviews with Hmong and individuals working with them in Minneapolis-St. Paul. Section I gives general information about the Twin Cities, their general population, other minority groups, economic base, employment climate, welfare, housing, refugee services, and community reaction to the Hmong. Section II gives brief information on the size and history of the Hmong population in the Twin Cities, which was estimated at approximately 8,252 in 1982. Section III discusses employment, welfare dependence, job training and education for adults, public school education, and English-as-a-second-language for adults. Section IV discusses the unique features of the Twin Cities as a Hmong resettlement area in that Hmong are the primary refugee group in the area and thus services have been specially geared toward their needs. Section V discusses the future of the Hmong in Minneapolis-St. Paul, their goals, likelihood of secondary migration, and possibility of repartriation. In general, the mood of the Hmong community in the Twin Cities is one of frustration and depression.
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Fresno. Author: Stephen Reder. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 143 pages Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Fresno County, California: what their employment experience has been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-tern adjustment. Much of the data was gathered through personal interviews with Hmong and individuals working with Hmong in Fresno County. The first section gives general information about Fresno County and describes the general population, other refugee groups, the economic base (farming), economic problems, housing, problems of refugee services, and the very negative community reaction to Hmong refugees. Section II gives information on the size and history of the Hmong population who, according to one source, numbered approximately 10,000 in May, 1983. Section III considers a variety of resettlement issues, including lack of English proficiency, lack of job skills, discrimination, welfare dependence, lack of job search skills, and the lack of entrepreneurial experience and technical assistance for farmers and small businessmen. Also discussed are education issues, in particular the feelings of extreme disorientation the Hmong feel in the schools and their sense that the education is inappropriate for their needs. The final section considers secondary migration, welfare disincentives, socialization problems, and psychological issues. The paper concludes with extensive appendices, which include Fresno County welfare caseloads, refugee services available, organization of services, and transcripts of letters translated into English from Hmong in Fresno County.
Title: The Hmong resettlement study, Site Report, Providence, Rhode Island. Author: John Finck. Source: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project Center for Urban and Regional Affairs University of Minnesota. Location: Minneapolis. Year: 1984. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 67 pages. Format: PDF.
Abstract: This document reports on the resettlement of Hmong refugees in Providence, Rhode Island: what their employment experiences have been, which resettlement efforts have been successful, and how current resettlement efforts could be altered to improve the Hmong's long-term adjustment. The report is part of a larger, national project on Hmong resettlement. Section I gives general information about the area, the population, the economic base and employment opportunities, welfare, housing, refugee services, and a mixed community reaction to the Hmong. Section II gives a brief summary of the size and history of the Hmong population in Providence, which was estimated at approximately 1,700-2,000 in 1983. Section III discusses the issues of employment, job training, education, and adult English-as-a-second-language programs. In section IV summaries of the site specific findings are given, along with reflections on the future of the Hmong in Providence. Some of these findings are as follows: (1) housing is inexpensive either for rental or purchase; (2) there are a large number of entry level jobs in the jewelry and metal industries which, while low paying, give the Hmong jobs and often provide health insurance benefits; (3) the Hmong community is recognized and funding is available for them throughout the state; (4) employers are increasingly receptive to refugees; (5) health centers with bilingual staff are available; (6) there is an undercurrent of racial tension, and segregated housing patterns limit the Hmong to high crime neighborhoods. In general, the outlook for the Hmong in Providence is seen as relatively positive with the expectation that they will reduce their welfare dependency rate below the average for United States' citizens
