Hmong-Related Theses online from University of Wisconsin-Stout
Title: Developing an Effective Training Program for First Generation Hmong Employees in Manufacturing Positions. Author: Bee Yang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2015. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 44 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Research was conducted to find if there are ways that technical training can be offered in a fashion that addresses the learning needs of the first generation Hmong employees working in manufacturing positions. These employees are employed in positions that require them to learn and understand how to use technical equipment as part of their jobs. A total of 14 first generation Hmong individuals participated in the interview, which consisted of six questions. The analysis of results revealed the following common themes: (1)The limited ability to speak, read and understand English amongst first generation Hmong creates barriers to learning the operation of technical equipment during training and in the workplace; (2)The Hmong believe that on-the-job and hands-on training are the most beneficial forms of training for them; (3)Having more time available to utilize the technical equipment is important to improve the Hmong understanding of the equipment and performance.
Title: The Meaning of Therapy in the Lives of Hmong and Iraqi Refugees. Author: Lyn Anne Evanson. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2015. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 48 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences about and perceptions of therapy by Hmong and Iraqi refugees. The objectives of this study were to contribute to the literature on what therapy means to Hmong and Iraqi refugee populations. Hmong and Iraqi refugees living in the metropolitan area of the Twin Cities in Minnesota were requested by their mental health practitioner to participate in the study. Participants responded to seven demographic questions and five questions about the meaning of therapy in their lives. Participant responses were analyzed using grounded theory method. The results demonstrated cultural differences in how Hmong and Iraqi refugees viewed, experienced, and talked about the meaning of therapy
Title: Impostor Phenomenon Among Hmong College Students. Author: GaoNhia Moua. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2015. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 72 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Impostor Phenomenon (IP) refers to feelings of phoniness experienced by high achievers (Clance & Imes, 1978). Many studies have been conducted and have found that college students can experience IP, preventing them from internalizing their own success, leading to feelings of self-doubt and anxiety, and affecting their academic performance and their decision to quit their educational pursuits. Provided is a detailed review on IP and Hmong students' college experience. However, there is no exclusive study done on IP among Hmong students. A thorough review of peer reviewed articles on IP and Hmong students' college experience resulted in 39 studies, ranging from 1978 to 2014. The review outlines the impact of Hmong culture on college experience for Hmong students, impostors' relationships with their parents, constructs associated with impostors, mental health and treatment of impostors, personalities of impostors, and specific impostor populations and groups. Without specific research done on the effects of IP on Hmong college students, it is difficult to discern the actual effects. This may be an essential topic for future research to investigate, possibly to increase retention and graduation rates overall. This research may also lead to more beneficial treatment for IP as well.
Title: A Culturally Reflexive Comparison of Somatic Experiencing and Hmong Shamanism in the Treatment of Trauma and Soul Loss. Author: Rachel M. Martin. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 34 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Trauma is mentioned throughout the literature on the mental health status of Hmong Americans. Less frequently, soul loss is mentioned, though nowhere are similarities and differences between these seemingly related concepts explored. Here these concepts are compared and contrasted in order to better understand how paying attention to one's own culture (cultural reflexivity) can foster more culturally responsive psychotherapy and more innovative cross-cultural research. The concept of trauma is examined primarily through the lens of a body-oriented trauma healing modality called Somatic Experiencing (SE®) because its conceptualization and treatment of trauma appear similar in certain ways to how Hmong shamans conceptualize and treat soul loss. Together these concepts and healing modalities are explored using a bricolage qualitative research methodology. The critical and multi-perspectival nature of bricolage research helps make visible assumptions within Western cultural research and clinical practice paradigms which might be difficult to see using other research methodologies. The importance of paying attention to the culturally constructed view of self (as predominantly independent or interdependent) emerges as a key finding of this research.
Title: Intersections of Identities: A Hmong Voice from the Field. Author: Mai Bao Xiong. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 45 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This paper explores the intersections of mymultiple identities as Hmong, as American, and as a psychotherapist, through the use of autoethnography. I provide first-person narratives of my own lived experiences navigating identity intersections within the context of mental health. Themes form mypersonal accounts are discussed and connected to potential future research to include the voices of other Hmong therapists. I conclude by inviting readers to join a calling in of my souls to initiate self-healing.
Title: Factors Influencing Hmong Women’s Decision to Breastfeed in La Crosse County, WI Author: Michelle M. Murphy. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 55 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The objective of this study was to identify behavioral intentions specific to the Hmong population using the Theory of Planned Behavior. A convenience sample of 25 Hmong mothers in western Wisconsin participated in the study as part of a brunch for Hmong women held at the La Crosse Public Health Building. Participants completed a questionnaire that measured theoretical constructs (behavioral beliefs, control beliefs, and normative beliefs) that measured their intentions to exclusively breastfeed their infants for six months. Forty percent of mothers reported infant health as an advantage to exclusive breastfeeding and 40% of mothers reported difficulty balancing work as a disadvantage to breastfeeding. Forty percent of mothers identified convenience as a facilitator of exclusive breastfeeding and 80% of mothers reported returning to work as a barrier. Forty percent of women felt no disapproval to performing exclusive breastfeeding, and 40% of mothers felt disapproval from an employer, themselves, or family. Interventions and polices to increase breastfeeding among Hmong mothers in western Wisconsin should focus on facilitating links within the Hmong community that support traditional breastfeeding practices, educating Hmong women to take advantage of their workplace breastfeeding rights, and encouraging an emphasis on cultural competency in healthcare settings.
Title: Parental Influence on Hmong Students decision towards higher education. Author: Ong Lo. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2013. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 48 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This study is to examine the influence of parents on Hmong students and if Hmong gender roles, cultural barriers, assimilation and acculturation to the American culture in the United States can affect Hmong students’ decisions to pursue higher education. Hmong males are expected to do well to preserve and carry on the family reputation and name. Hmong males are encouraged to go out and seek knowledge, in hopes of not only leading the family but the clan (pertaining to 18 Hmong last names) and the Hmong community as well. Hmong females are expected to learn traditional family roles. Older generations hold a high expectation of their daughters to keep the traditional Hmong ways of caring for their immediate family until they are married.Encouragement for males to obtain a higher education may seem more likely to happen. School Counselors are expected to learn of multicultural counseling to effectively reach out to all students. It’s important for school counselor’s to know of and learn about the Hmong culture to effectively help Hmong students and give them resources necessary to obtain a higher education.
Title: Socialization and Hmong Student Success in Career and Technical Education. Author: Carmen Iannarelli. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2013. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 73 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This study examines factors affecting the academic performance of Hmong students at Chippewa Valley Technical College. Factors specifically analyzed for their impact upon student success are socioeconomic status, family support, the use of academic support programs, and the influence of agents of socialization. Through the use of archival institutional data, Hmong students were compared to white students at CVTC in terms of their relative grade point averages, course completion rates, and retention rates. Data revealedsignificant disparitiesin grade point average performance between Hmong and white students. The data also showed that eligibility for financial aid was significantly higher among Hmong students, and that this difference was commensurate with educational performance gaps between the two groups. Additionally, online surveys were used to assess family support while attending CVTC, the role of academic support programs, and influential agents of socialization. Gender differences in grade point average performance and socialization also were analyzed. Implications of the study’s findings are discussed and recommendations for improving the performance of Hmong students are provided.
Title: Improving the literacy skills of low-income bilingual preschoolers. Author: Linda E. Benzschawel. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2012. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 31 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The gap between the literacy scores of preschool children in poverty and their middle and upper class peers upon entry into kindergarten continues to grow. This proposal seeks $712.00 to increase the emergent literacy skills of a group of low-income preschool children through providing a combination of quality children’s literature in their native language for home and school use, and training for their parents on strategies to support their children’s emergent literacy skills. Research by Lee and Burkam (2002) found that the cognitive scores of preschool aged children in poverty are more than 60% lower than their peers in higher socioeconomic groups (p.19). Improving the emergent literacy skills of low-income preschoolers is central to closing this gap. Preschool Dual Language Learners (DLLs) in poverty are at an even bigger disadvantage with very few pieces of quality children’s literature in their native language available at school and in their homes. This proposal focuses on the multilingual Bayside Head Start program, which serves 18 low-income preschoolers and their families. This group includes native English, Spanish and Hmong speaking children and families. The following objectives are proposed to meet this need: 1.Increase the number of books in each child’s native language in the classroom. 2.Increase the children and family’s access to books in the child’s native language in the home. 3.Increase the parent’s ability to support and nurture their child’s developing emergent literacy skills. 4.Increase the children’s emergent literacy skills.
Title: Parenting styles of Hmong parents and its effects and contributions to Hmong student's academic achievement. Author: Sandy Moua. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2010. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 42 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: In 1975, the Refugee Assistance Act of 1975 granted access to the first wave of Hmong refugees into the United States. The 2000 United States Census counted 170,049 people who identified themselves as Hmong. While the struggles of the Hmong people are very different in Laos and Thailand; the United States refugees and immigrants continue to face a different array of difficulties and hardships. In spite of their difficulties acculturating into the culture and adapting to the United States, Hmong-American parents soon identify and stress the value of an education to their children. This research reviewed parenting styles of Hmong-American parents and how the parenting styles contributed to Hmong-American children's academic achievement and success. Parenting styles have been correlated with children's academic achievement and success. Limited research has identified that Hmong-American parents are viewed as more authoritarian in regard to their children's education than European-American parents. Even though Hmong-American parents are viewed as more authoritarian, their children still do very well in school when compared to Caucasian students whose parents are typically identified as authoritative; the parenting style research suggest correlates to better academic achievement in children. This research also identified that Diana Baumrind's parenting styles may not necessarily reflect those of other ethnic cultures.
Title: Perceived Hmong Cultural Barriers in School Counseling. Author: Shoua Chang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2010. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 36 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Even with the vast research in multicultural counseling, little is known about the 2 perspective of the Hmong students. Students with more than one ethnic culture may face barriers throughout their life that challenge their decision-making. Depending on how acculturated Hmong immigrants, first generations, second generations, and future generations may be, they will each have their own insight on how to handle a situation. The objective of this literature review is to highlight some perceptions that Hmong students may encounter in the school counseling setting. The other outcome of this study is to share ideas for school counselors who are working with Hmong students. Both the school counselor and Hmong students face multiple baniers when working together. Counselors need to be aware of their own cultural biases, cultural differences, and acculturating generations, when considering strategies to support Hmong students and their families. Some risks of being unfamiliar with other cultures may include misunderstanding of 3 students, miscommunication, or cultural discrimination. The Hmong have encountered many challenges as they move from country to country as families adjust to a new life style. In the United States, the Hmong have an opportunity to seek advice from outside of their norm. With the increase in diverse populations, counselors must prepare themselves to work with future bicultural or multicultural generations. It is not expected that all school counselors are experts in serving every different multicultural population, but it is hoped that awareness of other cultures will increase their competence and reduce any biases. The recommendations given in this research may help educators improve and understand the perception of the Hmong culture.
Title: American Hmong Youth and College Readiness: Integrating Culture and Educational Success. Author: Mary Huffcutt. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2010. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 43 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The Hmong people have a rich and turbulent history in which their strength and 2 deten11ination can be shown. Their culture embraces the family. Each member has a significant role to play and with these roles come purpose, not only to sustain but also to thrive. Through their persistence and strength in family, the Hmong refugees are writing a remarkable story. A story they hope will show success. The Hmong people place value on education. They see it as a way to gain success and respect in America. However, there is a gap between who is going to college and who is not. Hmong students are less likely to go to college than white students. And the gap widens when adding the socio-economic status. Low-income, minority students are far less likely to enter college than white middle-to high-income students.
Title: Hmong Traditional Roles and the Pursuit of Higher Education for Married Hmong American Women. Author: Mai Shoua Khang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2010. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 60 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The patriarchal traditional Hmong culture has defined expectations for both Hmong men and women. In Laos, education and employment opportunities were restricted to sons who were more valued than daughters. Since the immigration of the Hmong to the United States, education and employment have become accessible to Hmong women. However, traditional Hmong gender roles and values continue to be strong practices impacting Hmong women negatively in regard to their educational pursuits. Young married Hmong women who are expected to fulfill their obligations as new wives and daughters-in-law often delay or discontinue their educational plans. This researcher found reoccurring themes in literatures regarding the relationship between Hmong women's traditional gender roles and their abilities to obtain higher education. This researcher also interviewed nine married Hmong women informants who were pursuing their education. Reoccurring themes expressed by the informants were compared to the existing literature on Hmong women's gender roles and challenges. These themes focused on marital challenges, educational impacts, Hmong women in higher education, and changes needed to support and advocate for Hmong women. This researcher concluded that the importance of maintaining Hmong traditional gender roles overshadowed the importance of obtaining an education for Hmong American women.
Title: Assessment of Risk Factors for Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hmong Americans from Dunn
County, Wisconsin. Author: Tanya Christopherson. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2009. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 110 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify if the Hmong of Dunn County, Wisconsin have risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thirty-one subjects (17 males aod 14 females) from 18-60 years old participated in the study. Data was collected at the Dunn County Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, lnfaots, and Children, and Hmong Stout Student Organization of University of Wisconsin-Stout. Subjects completed a survey which assessed risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus such as: age, weight status, smoking habits, eating habits, magnesium and fiber intake, physical activity, and past medical history. Height and weight of subjects were measured by the researcher, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated from these measurements. A qualititative food frequency questionnaire was administered to determine magnesium and fiber intakes as well as consumption from several food groups. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as the mean, Pearson correlation, and paired t test. Results indicated 54.8% of subjects had inadequate fiber intakes (less than 66% of the Adequate Intake). The major sources of fiber included: fries, bananas, oats, chocolate milk, pork/harn, coconut cream, and candy bars. The majority of subjects had no risk associated with age, overweight, physical activity, magnesium intake or smoking habits. Past medical history of diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol were insignificant. No significant correlations existed between any of the risk factors studied. In conclusion, the only risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes found in this study was inadequate fiber intake. Hrnong subjects of this study may need to increase their fiber intake to at least 16.5 g of fiber per day(66% of the Adequate Intake). The primary source of fiber consumed may suggest a small degree of acculturation.
Title: The beauty perceptions of Hmong American college women. Author: Kia Lee. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2009. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 77 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: There is considerable research regarding body image and beauty perceptions among minority women such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. However, little research has been done on beauty perceptions among women of the Hmong population. The objective of this research was to determine what Hmong-American college women perceive as physical ii beauty and to identify the most important factors that may influence their perceptions. In order to further an understanding of those factors, a definition of what these females perceive as physical beauty needed to be established and defining this perception was the focus of this study. online survey was used to measure the participants' perceptions of physical beauty ideals. This survey was sent to three universities in western Wisconsin; a total of 51 surveys were completed. The survey focused primarily on the participants' own perceptions. Results suggested that Hmong American college women's perceptions of physical beauty are similar to those found in the body of research describing the general Asian American female population. While they chose ideal body shapes that were mid-size and were associated with being healthy Western media still appeared to be the most influential factor impacting Hmong American women's perceptions of beauty. Respondents identified Western media, Western celebrities, Asian media, Asian celebrities, and Western culture as being their most important influencing factors while friends and family were less ofan.influence. However, the extent to which Western media affects Hmong women's perception of beauty is still inconclusive and warrants further investigation.
Title: The Vietnam War: Two Hmong Soldiers’ Personal Experience in the Secret War. Author: Gjinn Lor. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2008. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 68 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The main purpose of this historical research is to reveal the true stories of the Vietnam War from two Hmong individuals who participated in the Vietnam War. Their stories will pass down to their children and future generations when they are no longer living. This research will describe the two individuals' personal experiences in the Vietnam War and how they managed to escape to safety. The two Hmong soldiers were selected with age in mind, one having served as a teenager, the other as an adult. By having two different ages, there will be two different perspectives about the Vietnam War. The instrument used in this study was developed and designed by the researcher and was an interview questionnaire. The interview questions were written in two languages, Hmong and English, back to back. The questions were used as a guideline. What the individuals chose to tell the researcher may have gone outside the boundaries of the survey questions. The results of the study are based on the comparison of the two individual soldiers' lives, who were involved in the same war and hearing their perceptions of the war. This study shows that Hmong soldiers, involved in the Vietnam War, joined hands with the Americans proudly, but have some reservations and regrets in terms of the price paid by the Hmong people for being allies with the U.S. Further research is needed to document more Hmong soldiers' experiences in the Vietnam War. In future research studies should include how the war experience of Hmong soldiers impacts their lives in the U.S. and those of immediate family members. What counseling implications might this have for the individual and the family? This could provide more understanding of what Hmong people have gone through during and after the Vietnam War and what services might be helpful to those who may want to get help from professionals.
Title: Wisconsin Hmong Experiences with Hemodialysis. Author: Linda Krueger. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2007. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 157 pages. Format: PDF.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Hmong hemodialysis patients and the nurses working with them. Two Midwestern Wisconsin hospitals with hemodialysis units were used as data collection sites. All Registered Nurses working in the dialysis unit with Hmong hemodialysis patients were invited to participate. All Hmong hemodialysis patients were invited to participate. Cooperation and assistance was obtained by the Hmong community. Questionnaires were distributed to the nurses and interviews were conducted with the Hmong hemodialysis patients. There were 17 nurses and four Hmong hemodialysis patients that participated in this study. The results indicated nurses use a variety of methods to learn about Hmong culture on their own, but overall they felt there was a lack of training for them on Hmong culture. They felt the Hmong hemodialysis patients were less compliant with their medication regimen and dietary fluid restriction but equally compliant with their hemodialysis treatment schedule compared to their non-Hrnong hemodialysis patients. These nurses identified several patient barriers were present: transportation, finances, family support, depression, and anxiety. Cultural challenges that were identified in working with Hmong hemodialysis patients included: communication, Hmong beliefs about treatment, beliefs about illness, and fears about treatment. The Hmong hemodialysis patients described experiencing profound sadness, weakness and uncertainty. They were sad that they had this chronic disease, that so much oftheir time was spent in dialysis, and that their lives were drastically changed. They described feeling fatigued and unable to participate in family, social, and clan activities. This also contributed to their sadness. Feelings ofuncertainty and fear related to life, death, dialysis, the future, and kidney transplant were identified. Recommendations to nurses, educators, administrators, and researchers were provided based on the results ofthis study. Future research is needed to explore this topic more completely.
Title: Hmong parents’ attitudes, perceptions of disability, and expectations of children with disabilities a
qualitative study of its impact on academic performance. Author: Mao Xiong. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2007. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 84 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Hmong, an ethnic group from Southeast Asia, are immigrants in the United States since 1975. As they adjust to western culture, parents have to set different expectations for their children. One major difference for Among in the U.S. is the opportunity to receive a free public education. Among parents strongly encourage higher education and expect children to do well, but for their children with disabilities, pursuing education after high school may not be a choice, The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate what is expected of children with disabilities living in the United States and what he or she can achieve academically, based on the child and parent's goals and perspective and attitude of disabilities. Three Hmong children with disabilities and their parents from Eau Claire, WI were interviewed, The ages of the children were 18 and 19. Results found that Hmong parents tend to have a positive attitude toward individuals with disabilities and have hopes for their children with disabilities but have lower expectations for their children with disabilities than their children with no disabilities. All the Hmong parents want their children with disabilities to perform well . in school and half of them want their children to continue their education after high school. The other half believed it would be better for their children with disabilities to work after high school. Suggestions from children with disabilities and their parents to improve their education were also made.
Title: Perceptions and knowledge of Hmong high school students regarding mental health. Author: Zachary S. Secrist. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2006. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 42 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The Hmong people have a unique history of trials and tribulations juxtaposed with their ability to thrive as a small ethnic group in countries dominated by different ethnic majorities. From China to the United States, the Hmong have faced challenges to maintain their cultural identity. Now in the U.S., Hmong people face the challenges of adaptation and accommodation of trying to blend two cultures. This challenge is not just in the home and community, but also within schools. Hmong students face a myriad of issues surrounding school, home, social, and cultural expectation that can lead to academic difficulty, stress, and other mental health issues. Besides family, the educational setting plays one of the most important roles, not just in educating students, but also in helping to develop a sense of self and "place" in this world. Attempting to bridge the gap of living in two cultures, social pressures from parents and school, and wanting to be Americanized can leave a Hmong student feeling isolated and struggling to form an identity in American society. Hmong students need to have school professionals they can turn to for help and who can be advocates to help others learn about Hmong student struggles. School psychologists, counselors, social workers, and other school service staff should be keenly aware of their student population needs. It is important that mental health professionals and other school service staff be competent in the area of Hmong culture and Hmong student needs in order to provide them quality services. This literature review highlights key areas that need to be addressed in order for Hmong students to benefit from a full educational experience and suggests potential areas of future research. One possible area of inquiry could be to survey Hmong high school students to gain their perceptions regarding mental health and ethnic identity. Using a survey would be a way to begin the process of gaining a better understanding of Hmong student mental health awareness and needs. Such knowledge could have important implications for school mental health as well as other school service staff.
Title: Perceptions and knowledge that 7th and 8th grade Hmong students have of school guidance programs. Author: Ryan Sherman. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2004. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 46 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to see how 7th and 8th grade Hmong students perceive their school’s guidance department. Data was collected through the use of a survey that was administered to 35 stratified randomly selected 7th and 8th grade Hmong middle school students during the 2003-2004 school year in the Eau Claire Area School District. Everyday Hmong students are faced with having to live in two separate types of environments at school and in the Hmong culture. The expectations for both are different and theses students have to be able to function and be successful in both environments. The major differences between the cultures are language, social expectations, and family heritage. Many Hmong students are confused and need guidance to make it through these difficult yours of growth. The school’s guidance department is one area in the school that should be prepared to help with these issues. This study looked at the differences in culture and expectations for Hmong students at school and home and looked at how the students used the guidance department’s services to help them deal with their issues. The findings from this study revealed the needs of Hmong students, how they use the guidance department in their schools, and how teachers, administrators, and the community can more effectively meet their needs as they grow into adulthood. Results of the study will be used to help others understand what kind of struggles these students encounter and what can be done to help them.
Title: Factors leading Hmong youths to join gangs. Author: Kevin C. Lor. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2003. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 55 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This paper examines some of the elements that lead youth to join gangs. A questionnaire developed by the investigator was distributed to gang members and at-risk Hmong youth in two northern states. This questionnaire was developed in an attempt to assess some of the factors that have a high probability of leading youth to join gangs to compensate for what is lacking in Hmong youths' life. A 12-item questionnaire was developed and distributed to at-risk Hmong youths residing in two northern states. The questions were examined by calculating the percentage of males and females responding to different targeted areas. The questions were also examined to determine the internal validity between male and female subjects in responding to the different targeted areas.
Title: The Hmong culture kinship, marriage & family systems. Author: Teng Moua. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2003. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 61 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to describe the traditional Hmong kinship, marriage and family systems in the format of narrative from the writer’s experiences, a thorough review of the existing literature written about the Hmong culture in these three (3) categories, and two structural interviews of two Hmong families in the United States. This study only gives a general overview of the traditional Hmong kinship, marriage and family systems as they exist for the Hmong people in the United States currently. Therefore, it will not cover all the details and variations regarding the traditional Hmong kinship, marriage and family which still guide Hmong people around the world. Also, it will not cover the whole life course transitions such as childhood, adolescence, adulthood, late adulthood or the aging process or life core issues. This study is divided into two major parts: a review of literature and two interviews of the two selected Hmong families (one traditional & one contemporary) in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. The two interviews of these two families from two different generations are to gain new perspectives of both what has changed, and what has remained the same in their beliefs and practices of the traditional Hmong kinship, marriage and family systems after living in the United States for more than eighteen (18) years. As the Hmong-American families, in general, continue to acculturate more and more into the American mainstream society and culture, the information collected from the two interviews will be used to suggest the trends of change in the beliefs and practices of the traditional Hmong kinship, marriage and family structures in the near future.
Title: A qualitative study examining the effects of polygyny on Hmong individuals who had been raised in polygynous households. Author: Manee Yang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2003. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 71 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: In the late1970’s, Americans witnessed a large influx of immigrating groups of refugees, one of which was the Hmong. They brought foundational values of respecting hard work, elder leadership, patrilineal families, kinship, reciprocity, and the clan structure. These strong beliefs, taken into account with situational factors, contributed to some Hmong partaking in the long-sustained custom of cultural polygyny as a means for survival. Once seen as a necessity in Laos by some Hmong, it is unsure how many still believe in sustaining the custom in America. Polygamy has always remained a sensitive and controversial topic for the Hmong community. For these reasons, there has been very little research done on polygamy within the Hmong culture. The purpose of this research was to qualitatively examine whether polygamy has an effect on Hmong individuals and what these effects may be as reported by the participants.The researcher constructed a survey in Hmong and English, which servedas a framework for obtaining narratives from participants concerning their relationships with their fathers, mothers, fathers’ other wife, fathers’ other children, their viewpoints on polygyny, and advantages and disadvantages of being raised in a polygynous household. There were five participants in this study; all from the same Midwestern community, both female and male and ranging in age from late teens to over sixty-five years. Each interview was audiotaped and took approximately thirty minutes to complete, then, interviews were transcribed.
Title: Across the ocean the impact of immigration on Hmong women. Author: Kaying Lo. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2002. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 48 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Hmong women originally from Laos and Thailand are in constant transition due to their journey to America. They have been strong, often quiet, contributors to their families and people, and their strength continues despite the adversities of war and immigration. This researcher used a qualitative approach in seeking to understand the transitions ofHmong women’s lives in the United States. This phenomenological study was based on interviews with four Hmong women who spoke about the life changes they have faced due to immigration. Interviews were mainly derived from a snowball sample where the participants were friends or relatives of the researcher. Participants who were not immediately connected to the researcher were selected by recommendation of existing participants. The research question was: how has immigration into the United States changed Hmong Women’s lives within their families and culture?
Title: Combating racism, bigotry, and prejudice preliminary research for development of an oral history CD on the cultural heritage of Hmong Americans Plan B paper. Author: Kennedee Her. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2002. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 65 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Research indicates that in the last half century, the population of minority immigrants has been growing rapidly in the United States. Despite its growth, research indicates that racial andethnic discrimination is common in the United States (Duany, 1998). The objective of this preliminary study is to determine the factors of prejudice and discrimination against new immigrants in general and specifically to look at the prejudice anddiscrimination against the Hmong Americans. The focal point of this study is to gather data and recommendations from the focus group informants. The data then will be used to develop a multi-media (CD-ROM based) oral history on the cultural heritage of Hmong Americans, which will serve as an educational tool for individuals and the general public to be able to access to the Hmong culture, history, language, and arts. A Focus Group Interview Guide was used to guide and engage conversations with each individual’s interviews and the focus group interviews. The primary topics that will be explored and discussed during each interview session include Hmong culture and history. As the results, the factors of prejudice and discrimination against the Hmong Americans were due to the lack of cultural awareness, misinterpretation, language barrier, misjudgment, fault of assumptions, and/or rumors. The Hmong have faced the followingtypes of prejudice and discrimination: verbal harassment, poor services in organizational settings, physical harassment, avoidance in institutional settings, and police mistreatment. When the CD project is completed, it would serve as an educational key to combat racism, bigotry, and prejudice and discrimination. The result of this study highly corresponded to the hypothesis of the development of a CD that based on the cultural heritage of the Hmong Americans. The following topics were cited by the focus group informants as very important to put into the content of the CD, which include the Hmong culture, history, language, and arts.
Title: Hmong family processes and their impact on Hmong adolescents' delinquent behaviors a correlational study. Author: Shanie Xiong. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2002. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 82 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding of Hmong family processes and to examine the importance of individual parenting variables that impact Hmong adolescents’ delinquent behaviors. The family variables to be study are, parental attachment, parental monitoring, and parental discipline practices. In addition, levels of acculturation were measured since previous study has shown that the correlates of delinquent behaviors among members of differing cultural and ethnic groups may be related to unique factors. There were 52 Hmong adolescents from Menomonie, Eau Claire, Wisconsin and Saint Paul, Minneapolis, Minnesota who participated in the study. The research study survey instrument consisted of three parts: demographic information, four levels of acculturation, and forty items measuring family processes variables and delinquent behaviors. Results were analyzed by the SPSS-10.0 statistical package. Pearson Correlation indicated that there is a high negative correlation between parental attachment and delinquent behaviors (r = -.760**) and parental monitoring and delinquent behaviors (r = -.808**). A positive correlation exists for parental discipline practices and 3delinquent behaviors (r = .601**). There is a correlation between levels of acculturation and delinquent behaviors (mean = 2.93). Other data shows that participants’ father’s level of education and mother’s level of education was found to be related to levels of delinquent behaviors. Additionally, the length of time live in the United States was significant to level of delinquent behaviors among Hmong adolescents. Further research is necessary to provide more effective programs and services to Hmong adolescents and their parents to ensure that they will grow up to become competent and responsible citizens. Recommendations were made for this research to assist Hmong adolescents and their parents.
Title: Hmong students at UW-Stout factors influencing attendance and retention in a post secondary institution. Author: Melissa Crevier. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2002. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 82 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The Hmong are among a plethora of immigrating people who have left a land of solitary oppression to come to the United States for freedomand further opportunity. Although steeped in tradition, they left a land that persecuted them after the Vietnam War. It has been a difficult struggle for this people to settle into a culture so different and demanding in comparison to the traditions of their homeland. Now in America, they must adjust to a culture with a fluctuating economy and a society which values individual attainment. As do many immigrants that settle in the United States, the Hmong in general, value education, and understand that this is the key to their survival and success in the United States. The purpose of this study was to look at Hmong college students, currently enrolled at the University of Wisconsin-Stout in Menomonie, Wisconsin, to help determine factors that aided them in attending this post-secondary institution. Through the choice of an e-mailed or postal mail out survey, it specifically examined their experiences, secondary trends, programs which encouraged them to continue with college, support of family members and clans, effects of Wisconsin Works, a welfare reform program which began in 1997 and other factors that may have helped students choose UW-Stout as their college of choice. Furthermore, it will examine supportive factors that have aided Hmong students in succeeding and completing a post-secondary degree at UW-Stout.
Title: Hmong students' personal adjustment in American culture. Author: Li Shi. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2001. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 50 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to gather information relative to Hmong culture and Hmong youth's personal adjustment in the American school system. A twenty-five-item interview was conducted with eight Hmong students in grades 7-12 in a public school district in Minnesota. The findings of the study showed that the educators' teaching techniques, positive attitude about the students and knowledge of the students' culture influenced the students' adjustment at school. Social support, students' sociality, and age at time of arrival in the U.S also influenced the students' adjustment. English proficiency and high self-esteem were also associated with the participating Hmong students' performance at school. The participating students' length of residency in the U.S. was not related to their adjustment. No gender differences were found. Further research with a larger sample size is recommended.
Title: The Hmong a human resource transition. Author: Suzanne C. Dirks. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2000. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 41 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The Hmong are an ancient people, but their Diaspora has proven them tobe an adaptable people. Change does take time and for the Hmong high schoolgraduates change has placed them between two worlds. One is of the ancientthird world country of their ancestors and traditions. The other is a world basedon a fluctuating economy, where access to success is gained through literacy andeducation. Their generation is a pivotal one that can aid this ancient people withacculturation into the United States community. The purpose of this research is tostudy the 1992, 1994 and 1996 Hmong graduates of Wausau East and West highschools. The study will look for relationships among the graduates to find any post-secondary trends, employment plans, encouragement of family and clans intheir educational plans, and the citizenship status of the students and parents.Assimilation can cause a loss ancestral traditions so the study will also look at thegraduate's knowledge and retention of their native language.
Title: Hmong parent education and involvement and its impact on children a correlational study. Author: Christopher A. Bondioli. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2000. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 33 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The presence of the Hmong population in the United States has brought up many issues and concerns since they began immigrating here shortly after their tragic loss ofthe Vietnam War. Among these concerns is the area of education. The language barrier has presented many challenges for the Hmong with their education. The researcher believes a thorough understanding of the Hmong background and their life in the United States can be beneficial in assessing their needs in improving their education. Parents were assessed in this study from a survey developed by the researchersupplying insight on Hmong parents and their involvement and influence on their children in education. Children were assessed by using the Standardized Test for Assessment of Reading (STAR). The parent and children data were then correlated to provide the findings for the study. Results from this study show that a positive correlation exists between parent education level, parents providing homework assistance for their kids, the amount of English spoken in the home, and the number of years living in the United States with the students’ grade equivalency scores (GES) on the STAR.
Title: Perception of early marriage and future educational goals attainment for Hmong female adolescents. Author: Mana Vue. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2000. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 69 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to examine the correlational study on perception of early marriage and future educational goals for Hmong female adolescents. The participants were a convenience sample consisting of 40 respondents drawn from St. Paul, MN, Eau Claire and Menomonie, WI.The respondents range from age 14 to 19 years old. A fifty-two item questionnaire regarding perception of early marriage and future educational goals that includes demographic questions,opinion type questions regarding early marriage and future educational goals using a Likert Scale response, and rankings. A significant difference was found when there is a positive perception of early marriage and lower educational goals for the respondents. This research also found that even though respondents' parents may not be educated the respondents still have high educational goals.No significant difference was found for educational goals for married and single female respondents. The study also further show that married respondents without children will have higher educational goals when compare to married respondents with children. Included in theresearch paper are counseling implications and future research recommendations.
Title: The availability of adequate educational support programs for Southeast Asians as English as a second language students in Wausau East High School. Author: Frank Chua Vang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 52 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This research examined the availability of adequate educational support programs for Southeast Asian English as a Second Language students in Wausau East High School. There are approximately 250 Southeast Asian students enrolled at Wausau East High School. A primary concern in Southeast Asian communities is that educational support should be provided on mainstream levels. Otherwise, ESL students may not succeed with their educational goals.
Title: An examination of gangs in Eau Claire, Wisconsin and the community's racial perception of gangs. Authors: Mary Beth Higgins and Ka Vang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 59 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study is two-fold: to examine the racial, gender, and ethnic makeup of gangs in Eau Claire, Wisconsin and to study the community's perception of gangs. The results of this study will be shared with the Eau Claire School District and the Eau Claire Police Department to assist in combatting the gang problem in Eau Claire.
Title: Hmong youth attitudes toward early marriage. Author: Chusee Vue. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 73 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the attitude of Hmong youth towards early marriage. The subjects of this study were 50 Hmong youth from Dunn County who were attending middle and high school in Menominee, WI. A total of 50 surveys were distributed and 43 students participated in the study.
Title: An investigation of Hmong students' performance on four standardized cognitive ability measures. Author: Jodi Preston. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 39 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This study investigated the parameters of a valid assessment of cognitive ability for students of Hmong origin who were referred for suspected exceptional educational needs. The sample consisted of 56 Hmong students aged 6 years 4 months to 13 years 0 months.
Title: An investigation of Hmong students' performance on four standardized cognitive ability measures. Author: Jennifer Xiong. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 102 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This study explored obstacles to higher education for Hmong high school students. The objectives of the study were to 1. Describe the attitudes Hmong students have toward setting career goals. 2. Identify behaviors Hmong students experience as it relates to their aspirations and expectations. 3. Describe perceptions Hmong students have concerning obstacles to their career aspirations.
Title: English proficiency level correlated with cumulative grade point average for selected Southeast Asian students by gender, grade level, and birthplace. Author: Debra M. Marsh. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 36 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: A statistical analysis was done using a sample of 163 Southeast Asian students exploring the correlation between Grade Point Average and Limited English Proficiency as well as how GPA and LEP level might be impacted by gender, grade level and birthplace.
Title: Hmong high school students' attitudes and aspirations toward education. Author: Xiong A. Lo. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 47 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This study of Hmong high school students' attitudes toward high school graduation as well as their aspirations for higher education at the post-secondary level was conducted, to determine, what, if any, differences exist between gender, academic classifications, socio-economic duration of staying in America, and academic achievement in regards to self-reported attitudes and aspirations.
Title: Hmong parents attitude and perception toward Hmong juvenile delinquency in America. Author: Tou K. Vang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 70 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to understand the Hmong parents' attitude and perception toward juvenile delinquency in the Eau Claire Area Hmong community.
Title: Hmong perception and behaviors regarding shamanic practice and western medicine. Author: See Vang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 68 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This study explores the attitudes and behaviors of the Hmong residents in the Eau Claire and Menominee, WI areas toward the use of traditional Hmong shamanic practices and western medical practices. The purpose of this study focused on how the Hmong people perceive their traditional shamanic practices and western medical practices.
Title: Parental influences and academic success of Hmong adolescent students is there a relationship? Author: Song Lor. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 80 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This study examined the relationship of parental involvement, acculturation level, parent educational level and academic success among Hmong adolescent students. Thirty students from Saint Paul and Menominee, WI participated in the study. The survey instrument used for the study included completion of an acculturation level scale along with a parent involvement questionnaire for each parent and student.
Title: The relationship between crime and depression within the Wausau area Hmong youth community. Author: Yang, Tong S. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 54 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This research study investigated the level of difference in depression between Hmong youths who have a history of criminal activities and those who do not have a history of criminal activity. All participants were 12 to 18 year old Hmong youth from the Wausau area.
Title: Where they are now the second follow-up study of the 1992 college-bound Hmong graduates. Author: Youa Xiong. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 63 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: Attaining an education can lead to the independence of the Hmong people. A large number of Hmong men and women from the Wausau area have gone on to college after high school to acquire a degree in a career that will ensure a better life for their children's future. This study is the second followup study of a 1992 Hmong senior college-bound graduating class.
Title: Developing an Effective Training Program for First Generation Hmong Employees in Manufacturing Positions. Author: Bee Yang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2015. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 44 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Research was conducted to find if there are ways that technical training can be offered in a fashion that addresses the learning needs of the first generation Hmong employees working in manufacturing positions. These employees are employed in positions that require them to learn and understand how to use technical equipment as part of their jobs. A total of 14 first generation Hmong individuals participated in the interview, which consisted of six questions. The analysis of results revealed the following common themes: (1)The limited ability to speak, read and understand English amongst first generation Hmong creates barriers to learning the operation of technical equipment during training and in the workplace; (2)The Hmong believe that on-the-job and hands-on training are the most beneficial forms of training for them; (3)Having more time available to utilize the technical equipment is important to improve the Hmong understanding of the equipment and performance.
Title: The Meaning of Therapy in the Lives of Hmong and Iraqi Refugees. Author: Lyn Anne Evanson. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2015. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 48 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences about and perceptions of therapy by Hmong and Iraqi refugees. The objectives of this study were to contribute to the literature on what therapy means to Hmong and Iraqi refugee populations. Hmong and Iraqi refugees living in the metropolitan area of the Twin Cities in Minnesota were requested by their mental health practitioner to participate in the study. Participants responded to seven demographic questions and five questions about the meaning of therapy in their lives. Participant responses were analyzed using grounded theory method. The results demonstrated cultural differences in how Hmong and Iraqi refugees viewed, experienced, and talked about the meaning of therapy
Title: Impostor Phenomenon Among Hmong College Students. Author: GaoNhia Moua. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2015. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 72 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Impostor Phenomenon (IP) refers to feelings of phoniness experienced by high achievers (Clance & Imes, 1978). Many studies have been conducted and have found that college students can experience IP, preventing them from internalizing their own success, leading to feelings of self-doubt and anxiety, and affecting their academic performance and their decision to quit their educational pursuits. Provided is a detailed review on IP and Hmong students' college experience. However, there is no exclusive study done on IP among Hmong students. A thorough review of peer reviewed articles on IP and Hmong students' college experience resulted in 39 studies, ranging from 1978 to 2014. The review outlines the impact of Hmong culture on college experience for Hmong students, impostors' relationships with their parents, constructs associated with impostors, mental health and treatment of impostors, personalities of impostors, and specific impostor populations and groups. Without specific research done on the effects of IP on Hmong college students, it is difficult to discern the actual effects. This may be an essential topic for future research to investigate, possibly to increase retention and graduation rates overall. This research may also lead to more beneficial treatment for IP as well.
Title: A Culturally Reflexive Comparison of Somatic Experiencing and Hmong Shamanism in the Treatment of Trauma and Soul Loss. Author: Rachel M. Martin. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 34 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Trauma is mentioned throughout the literature on the mental health status of Hmong Americans. Less frequently, soul loss is mentioned, though nowhere are similarities and differences between these seemingly related concepts explored. Here these concepts are compared and contrasted in order to better understand how paying attention to one's own culture (cultural reflexivity) can foster more culturally responsive psychotherapy and more innovative cross-cultural research. The concept of trauma is examined primarily through the lens of a body-oriented trauma healing modality called Somatic Experiencing (SE®) because its conceptualization and treatment of trauma appear similar in certain ways to how Hmong shamans conceptualize and treat soul loss. Together these concepts and healing modalities are explored using a bricolage qualitative research methodology. The critical and multi-perspectival nature of bricolage research helps make visible assumptions within Western cultural research and clinical practice paradigms which might be difficult to see using other research methodologies. The importance of paying attention to the culturally constructed view of self (as predominantly independent or interdependent) emerges as a key finding of this research.
Title: Intersections of Identities: A Hmong Voice from the Field. Author: Mai Bao Xiong. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 45 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This paper explores the intersections of mymultiple identities as Hmong, as American, and as a psychotherapist, through the use of autoethnography. I provide first-person narratives of my own lived experiences navigating identity intersections within the context of mental health. Themes form mypersonal accounts are discussed and connected to potential future research to include the voices of other Hmong therapists. I conclude by inviting readers to join a calling in of my souls to initiate self-healing.
Title: Factors Influencing Hmong Women’s Decision to Breastfeed in La Crosse County, WI Author: Michelle M. Murphy. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2014. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 55 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The objective of this study was to identify behavioral intentions specific to the Hmong population using the Theory of Planned Behavior. A convenience sample of 25 Hmong mothers in western Wisconsin participated in the study as part of a brunch for Hmong women held at the La Crosse Public Health Building. Participants completed a questionnaire that measured theoretical constructs (behavioral beliefs, control beliefs, and normative beliefs) that measured their intentions to exclusively breastfeed their infants for six months. Forty percent of mothers reported infant health as an advantage to exclusive breastfeeding and 40% of mothers reported difficulty balancing work as a disadvantage to breastfeeding. Forty percent of mothers identified convenience as a facilitator of exclusive breastfeeding and 80% of mothers reported returning to work as a barrier. Forty percent of women felt no disapproval to performing exclusive breastfeeding, and 40% of mothers felt disapproval from an employer, themselves, or family. Interventions and polices to increase breastfeeding among Hmong mothers in western Wisconsin should focus on facilitating links within the Hmong community that support traditional breastfeeding practices, educating Hmong women to take advantage of their workplace breastfeeding rights, and encouraging an emphasis on cultural competency in healthcare settings.
Title: Parental Influence on Hmong Students decision towards higher education. Author: Ong Lo. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2013. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 48 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This study is to examine the influence of parents on Hmong students and if Hmong gender roles, cultural barriers, assimilation and acculturation to the American culture in the United States can affect Hmong students’ decisions to pursue higher education. Hmong males are expected to do well to preserve and carry on the family reputation and name. Hmong males are encouraged to go out and seek knowledge, in hopes of not only leading the family but the clan (pertaining to 18 Hmong last names) and the Hmong community as well. Hmong females are expected to learn traditional family roles. Older generations hold a high expectation of their daughters to keep the traditional Hmong ways of caring for their immediate family until they are married.Encouragement for males to obtain a higher education may seem more likely to happen. School Counselors are expected to learn of multicultural counseling to effectively reach out to all students. It’s important for school counselor’s to know of and learn about the Hmong culture to effectively help Hmong students and give them resources necessary to obtain a higher education.
Title: Socialization and Hmong Student Success in Career and Technical Education. Author: Carmen Iannarelli. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2013. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 73 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This study examines factors affecting the academic performance of Hmong students at Chippewa Valley Technical College. Factors specifically analyzed for their impact upon student success are socioeconomic status, family support, the use of academic support programs, and the influence of agents of socialization. Through the use of archival institutional data, Hmong students were compared to white students at CVTC in terms of their relative grade point averages, course completion rates, and retention rates. Data revealedsignificant disparitiesin grade point average performance between Hmong and white students. The data also showed that eligibility for financial aid was significantly higher among Hmong students, and that this difference was commensurate with educational performance gaps between the two groups. Additionally, online surveys were used to assess family support while attending CVTC, the role of academic support programs, and influential agents of socialization. Gender differences in grade point average performance and socialization also were analyzed. Implications of the study’s findings are discussed and recommendations for improving the performance of Hmong students are provided.
Title: Improving the literacy skills of low-income bilingual preschoolers. Author: Linda E. Benzschawel. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2012. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 31 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The gap between the literacy scores of preschool children in poverty and their middle and upper class peers upon entry into kindergarten continues to grow. This proposal seeks $712.00 to increase the emergent literacy skills of a group of low-income preschool children through providing a combination of quality children’s literature in their native language for home and school use, and training for their parents on strategies to support their children’s emergent literacy skills. Research by Lee and Burkam (2002) found that the cognitive scores of preschool aged children in poverty are more than 60% lower than their peers in higher socioeconomic groups (p.19). Improving the emergent literacy skills of low-income preschoolers is central to closing this gap. Preschool Dual Language Learners (DLLs) in poverty are at an even bigger disadvantage with very few pieces of quality children’s literature in their native language available at school and in their homes. This proposal focuses on the multilingual Bayside Head Start program, which serves 18 low-income preschoolers and their families. This group includes native English, Spanish and Hmong speaking children and families. The following objectives are proposed to meet this need: 1.Increase the number of books in each child’s native language in the classroom. 2.Increase the children and family’s access to books in the child’s native language in the home. 3.Increase the parent’s ability to support and nurture their child’s developing emergent literacy skills. 4.Increase the children’s emergent literacy skills.
Title: Parenting styles of Hmong parents and its effects and contributions to Hmong student's academic achievement. Author: Sandy Moua. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2010. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 42 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: In 1975, the Refugee Assistance Act of 1975 granted access to the first wave of Hmong refugees into the United States. The 2000 United States Census counted 170,049 people who identified themselves as Hmong. While the struggles of the Hmong people are very different in Laos and Thailand; the United States refugees and immigrants continue to face a different array of difficulties and hardships. In spite of their difficulties acculturating into the culture and adapting to the United States, Hmong-American parents soon identify and stress the value of an education to their children. This research reviewed parenting styles of Hmong-American parents and how the parenting styles contributed to Hmong-American children's academic achievement and success. Parenting styles have been correlated with children's academic achievement and success. Limited research has identified that Hmong-American parents are viewed as more authoritarian in regard to their children's education than European-American parents. Even though Hmong-American parents are viewed as more authoritarian, their children still do very well in school when compared to Caucasian students whose parents are typically identified as authoritative; the parenting style research suggest correlates to better academic achievement in children. This research also identified that Diana Baumrind's parenting styles may not necessarily reflect those of other ethnic cultures.
Title: Perceived Hmong Cultural Barriers in School Counseling. Author: Shoua Chang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2010. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 36 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Even with the vast research in multicultural counseling, little is known about the 2 perspective of the Hmong students. Students with more than one ethnic culture may face barriers throughout their life that challenge their decision-making. Depending on how acculturated Hmong immigrants, first generations, second generations, and future generations may be, they will each have their own insight on how to handle a situation. The objective of this literature review is to highlight some perceptions that Hmong students may encounter in the school counseling setting. The other outcome of this study is to share ideas for school counselors who are working with Hmong students. Both the school counselor and Hmong students face multiple baniers when working together. Counselors need to be aware of their own cultural biases, cultural differences, and acculturating generations, when considering strategies to support Hmong students and their families. Some risks of being unfamiliar with other cultures may include misunderstanding of 3 students, miscommunication, or cultural discrimination. The Hmong have encountered many challenges as they move from country to country as families adjust to a new life style. In the United States, the Hmong have an opportunity to seek advice from outside of their norm. With the increase in diverse populations, counselors must prepare themselves to work with future bicultural or multicultural generations. It is not expected that all school counselors are experts in serving every different multicultural population, but it is hoped that awareness of other cultures will increase their competence and reduce any biases. The recommendations given in this research may help educators improve and understand the perception of the Hmong culture.
Title: American Hmong Youth and College Readiness: Integrating Culture and Educational Success. Author: Mary Huffcutt. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2010. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 43 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The Hmong people have a rich and turbulent history in which their strength and 2 deten11ination can be shown. Their culture embraces the family. Each member has a significant role to play and with these roles come purpose, not only to sustain but also to thrive. Through their persistence and strength in family, the Hmong refugees are writing a remarkable story. A story they hope will show success. The Hmong people place value on education. They see it as a way to gain success and respect in America. However, there is a gap between who is going to college and who is not. Hmong students are less likely to go to college than white students. And the gap widens when adding the socio-economic status. Low-income, minority students are far less likely to enter college than white middle-to high-income students.
Title: Hmong Traditional Roles and the Pursuit of Higher Education for Married Hmong American Women. Author: Mai Shoua Khang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2010. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 60 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The patriarchal traditional Hmong culture has defined expectations for both Hmong men and women. In Laos, education and employment opportunities were restricted to sons who were more valued than daughters. Since the immigration of the Hmong to the United States, education and employment have become accessible to Hmong women. However, traditional Hmong gender roles and values continue to be strong practices impacting Hmong women negatively in regard to their educational pursuits. Young married Hmong women who are expected to fulfill their obligations as new wives and daughters-in-law often delay or discontinue their educational plans. This researcher found reoccurring themes in literatures regarding the relationship between Hmong women's traditional gender roles and their abilities to obtain higher education. This researcher also interviewed nine married Hmong women informants who were pursuing their education. Reoccurring themes expressed by the informants were compared to the existing literature on Hmong women's gender roles and challenges. These themes focused on marital challenges, educational impacts, Hmong women in higher education, and changes needed to support and advocate for Hmong women. This researcher concluded that the importance of maintaining Hmong traditional gender roles overshadowed the importance of obtaining an education for Hmong American women.
Title: Assessment of Risk Factors for Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hmong Americans from Dunn
County, Wisconsin. Author: Tanya Christopherson. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2009. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 110 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify if the Hmong of Dunn County, Wisconsin have risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thirty-one subjects (17 males aod 14 females) from 18-60 years old participated in the study. Data was collected at the Dunn County Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, lnfaots, and Children, and Hmong Stout Student Organization of University of Wisconsin-Stout. Subjects completed a survey which assessed risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus such as: age, weight status, smoking habits, eating habits, magnesium and fiber intake, physical activity, and past medical history. Height and weight of subjects were measured by the researcher, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated from these measurements. A qualititative food frequency questionnaire was administered to determine magnesium and fiber intakes as well as consumption from several food groups. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as the mean, Pearson correlation, and paired t test. Results indicated 54.8% of subjects had inadequate fiber intakes (less than 66% of the Adequate Intake). The major sources of fiber included: fries, bananas, oats, chocolate milk, pork/harn, coconut cream, and candy bars. The majority of subjects had no risk associated with age, overweight, physical activity, magnesium intake or smoking habits. Past medical history of diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol were insignificant. No significant correlations existed between any of the risk factors studied. In conclusion, the only risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes found in this study was inadequate fiber intake. Hrnong subjects of this study may need to increase their fiber intake to at least 16.5 g of fiber per day(66% of the Adequate Intake). The primary source of fiber consumed may suggest a small degree of acculturation.
Title: The beauty perceptions of Hmong American college women. Author: Kia Lee. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2009. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 77 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: There is considerable research regarding body image and beauty perceptions among minority women such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. However, little research has been done on beauty perceptions among women of the Hmong population. The objective of this research was to determine what Hmong-American college women perceive as physical ii beauty and to identify the most important factors that may influence their perceptions. In order to further an understanding of those factors, a definition of what these females perceive as physical beauty needed to be established and defining this perception was the focus of this study. online survey was used to measure the participants' perceptions of physical beauty ideals. This survey was sent to three universities in western Wisconsin; a total of 51 surveys were completed. The survey focused primarily on the participants' own perceptions. Results suggested that Hmong American college women's perceptions of physical beauty are similar to those found in the body of research describing the general Asian American female population. While they chose ideal body shapes that were mid-size and were associated with being healthy Western media still appeared to be the most influential factor impacting Hmong American women's perceptions of beauty. Respondents identified Western media, Western celebrities, Asian media, Asian celebrities, and Western culture as being their most important influencing factors while friends and family were less ofan.influence. However, the extent to which Western media affects Hmong women's perception of beauty is still inconclusive and warrants further investigation.
Title: The Vietnam War: Two Hmong Soldiers’ Personal Experience in the Secret War. Author: Gjinn Lor. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2008. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 68 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The main purpose of this historical research is to reveal the true stories of the Vietnam War from two Hmong individuals who participated in the Vietnam War. Their stories will pass down to their children and future generations when they are no longer living. This research will describe the two individuals' personal experiences in the Vietnam War and how they managed to escape to safety. The two Hmong soldiers were selected with age in mind, one having served as a teenager, the other as an adult. By having two different ages, there will be two different perspectives about the Vietnam War. The instrument used in this study was developed and designed by the researcher and was an interview questionnaire. The interview questions were written in two languages, Hmong and English, back to back. The questions were used as a guideline. What the individuals chose to tell the researcher may have gone outside the boundaries of the survey questions. The results of the study are based on the comparison of the two individual soldiers' lives, who were involved in the same war and hearing their perceptions of the war. This study shows that Hmong soldiers, involved in the Vietnam War, joined hands with the Americans proudly, but have some reservations and regrets in terms of the price paid by the Hmong people for being allies with the U.S. Further research is needed to document more Hmong soldiers' experiences in the Vietnam War. In future research studies should include how the war experience of Hmong soldiers impacts their lives in the U.S. and those of immediate family members. What counseling implications might this have for the individual and the family? This could provide more understanding of what Hmong people have gone through during and after the Vietnam War and what services might be helpful to those who may want to get help from professionals.
Title: Wisconsin Hmong Experiences with Hemodialysis. Author: Linda Krueger. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2007. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 157 pages. Format: PDF.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Hmong hemodialysis patients and the nurses working with them. Two Midwestern Wisconsin hospitals with hemodialysis units were used as data collection sites. All Registered Nurses working in the dialysis unit with Hmong hemodialysis patients were invited to participate. All Hmong hemodialysis patients were invited to participate. Cooperation and assistance was obtained by the Hmong community. Questionnaires were distributed to the nurses and interviews were conducted with the Hmong hemodialysis patients. There were 17 nurses and four Hmong hemodialysis patients that participated in this study. The results indicated nurses use a variety of methods to learn about Hmong culture on their own, but overall they felt there was a lack of training for them on Hmong culture. They felt the Hmong hemodialysis patients were less compliant with their medication regimen and dietary fluid restriction but equally compliant with their hemodialysis treatment schedule compared to their non-Hrnong hemodialysis patients. These nurses identified several patient barriers were present: transportation, finances, family support, depression, and anxiety. Cultural challenges that were identified in working with Hmong hemodialysis patients included: communication, Hmong beliefs about treatment, beliefs about illness, and fears about treatment. The Hmong hemodialysis patients described experiencing profound sadness, weakness and uncertainty. They were sad that they had this chronic disease, that so much oftheir time was spent in dialysis, and that their lives were drastically changed. They described feeling fatigued and unable to participate in family, social, and clan activities. This also contributed to their sadness. Feelings ofuncertainty and fear related to life, death, dialysis, the future, and kidney transplant were identified. Recommendations to nurses, educators, administrators, and researchers were provided based on the results ofthis study. Future research is needed to explore this topic more completely.
Title: Hmong parents’ attitudes, perceptions of disability, and expectations of children with disabilities a
qualitative study of its impact on academic performance. Author: Mao Xiong. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2007. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 84 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Hmong, an ethnic group from Southeast Asia, are immigrants in the United States since 1975. As they adjust to western culture, parents have to set different expectations for their children. One major difference for Among in the U.S. is the opportunity to receive a free public education. Among parents strongly encourage higher education and expect children to do well, but for their children with disabilities, pursuing education after high school may not be a choice, The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate what is expected of children with disabilities living in the United States and what he or she can achieve academically, based on the child and parent's goals and perspective and attitude of disabilities. Three Hmong children with disabilities and their parents from Eau Claire, WI were interviewed, The ages of the children were 18 and 19. Results found that Hmong parents tend to have a positive attitude toward individuals with disabilities and have hopes for their children with disabilities but have lower expectations for their children with disabilities than their children with no disabilities. All the Hmong parents want their children with disabilities to perform well . in school and half of them want their children to continue their education after high school. The other half believed it would be better for their children with disabilities to work after high school. Suggestions from children with disabilities and their parents to improve their education were also made.
Title: Perceptions and knowledge of Hmong high school students regarding mental health. Author: Zachary S. Secrist. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2006. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 42 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The Hmong people have a unique history of trials and tribulations juxtaposed with their ability to thrive as a small ethnic group in countries dominated by different ethnic majorities. From China to the United States, the Hmong have faced challenges to maintain their cultural identity. Now in the U.S., Hmong people face the challenges of adaptation and accommodation of trying to blend two cultures. This challenge is not just in the home and community, but also within schools. Hmong students face a myriad of issues surrounding school, home, social, and cultural expectation that can lead to academic difficulty, stress, and other mental health issues. Besides family, the educational setting plays one of the most important roles, not just in educating students, but also in helping to develop a sense of self and "place" in this world. Attempting to bridge the gap of living in two cultures, social pressures from parents and school, and wanting to be Americanized can leave a Hmong student feeling isolated and struggling to form an identity in American society. Hmong students need to have school professionals they can turn to for help and who can be advocates to help others learn about Hmong student struggles. School psychologists, counselors, social workers, and other school service staff should be keenly aware of their student population needs. It is important that mental health professionals and other school service staff be competent in the area of Hmong culture and Hmong student needs in order to provide them quality services. This literature review highlights key areas that need to be addressed in order for Hmong students to benefit from a full educational experience and suggests potential areas of future research. One possible area of inquiry could be to survey Hmong high school students to gain their perceptions regarding mental health and ethnic identity. Using a survey would be a way to begin the process of gaining a better understanding of Hmong student mental health awareness and needs. Such knowledge could have important implications for school mental health as well as other school service staff.
Title: Perceptions and knowledge that 7th and 8th grade Hmong students have of school guidance programs. Author: Ryan Sherman. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2004. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 46 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to see how 7th and 8th grade Hmong students perceive their school’s guidance department. Data was collected through the use of a survey that was administered to 35 stratified randomly selected 7th and 8th grade Hmong middle school students during the 2003-2004 school year in the Eau Claire Area School District. Everyday Hmong students are faced with having to live in two separate types of environments at school and in the Hmong culture. The expectations for both are different and theses students have to be able to function and be successful in both environments. The major differences between the cultures are language, social expectations, and family heritage. Many Hmong students are confused and need guidance to make it through these difficult yours of growth. The school’s guidance department is one area in the school that should be prepared to help with these issues. This study looked at the differences in culture and expectations for Hmong students at school and home and looked at how the students used the guidance department’s services to help them deal with their issues. The findings from this study revealed the needs of Hmong students, how they use the guidance department in their schools, and how teachers, administrators, and the community can more effectively meet their needs as they grow into adulthood. Results of the study will be used to help others understand what kind of struggles these students encounter and what can be done to help them.
Title: Factors leading Hmong youths to join gangs. Author: Kevin C. Lor. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2003. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 55 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This paper examines some of the elements that lead youth to join gangs. A questionnaire developed by the investigator was distributed to gang members and at-risk Hmong youth in two northern states. This questionnaire was developed in an attempt to assess some of the factors that have a high probability of leading youth to join gangs to compensate for what is lacking in Hmong youths' life. A 12-item questionnaire was developed and distributed to at-risk Hmong youths residing in two northern states. The questions were examined by calculating the percentage of males and females responding to different targeted areas. The questions were also examined to determine the internal validity between male and female subjects in responding to the different targeted areas.
Title: The Hmong culture kinship, marriage & family systems. Author: Teng Moua. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2003. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 61 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to describe the traditional Hmong kinship, marriage and family systems in the format of narrative from the writer’s experiences, a thorough review of the existing literature written about the Hmong culture in these three (3) categories, and two structural interviews of two Hmong families in the United States. This study only gives a general overview of the traditional Hmong kinship, marriage and family systems as they exist for the Hmong people in the United States currently. Therefore, it will not cover all the details and variations regarding the traditional Hmong kinship, marriage and family which still guide Hmong people around the world. Also, it will not cover the whole life course transitions such as childhood, adolescence, adulthood, late adulthood or the aging process or life core issues. This study is divided into two major parts: a review of literature and two interviews of the two selected Hmong families (one traditional & one contemporary) in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. The two interviews of these two families from two different generations are to gain new perspectives of both what has changed, and what has remained the same in their beliefs and practices of the traditional Hmong kinship, marriage and family systems after living in the United States for more than eighteen (18) years. As the Hmong-American families, in general, continue to acculturate more and more into the American mainstream society and culture, the information collected from the two interviews will be used to suggest the trends of change in the beliefs and practices of the traditional Hmong kinship, marriage and family structures in the near future.
Title: A qualitative study examining the effects of polygyny on Hmong individuals who had been raised in polygynous households. Author: Manee Yang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2003. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 71 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: In the late1970’s, Americans witnessed a large influx of immigrating groups of refugees, one of which was the Hmong. They brought foundational values of respecting hard work, elder leadership, patrilineal families, kinship, reciprocity, and the clan structure. These strong beliefs, taken into account with situational factors, contributed to some Hmong partaking in the long-sustained custom of cultural polygyny as a means for survival. Once seen as a necessity in Laos by some Hmong, it is unsure how many still believe in sustaining the custom in America. Polygamy has always remained a sensitive and controversial topic for the Hmong community. For these reasons, there has been very little research done on polygamy within the Hmong culture. The purpose of this research was to qualitatively examine whether polygamy has an effect on Hmong individuals and what these effects may be as reported by the participants.The researcher constructed a survey in Hmong and English, which servedas a framework for obtaining narratives from participants concerning their relationships with their fathers, mothers, fathers’ other wife, fathers’ other children, their viewpoints on polygyny, and advantages and disadvantages of being raised in a polygynous household. There were five participants in this study; all from the same Midwestern community, both female and male and ranging in age from late teens to over sixty-five years. Each interview was audiotaped and took approximately thirty minutes to complete, then, interviews were transcribed.
Title: Across the ocean the impact of immigration on Hmong women. Author: Kaying Lo. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2002. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 48 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Hmong women originally from Laos and Thailand are in constant transition due to their journey to America. They have been strong, often quiet, contributors to their families and people, and their strength continues despite the adversities of war and immigration. This researcher used a qualitative approach in seeking to understand the transitions ofHmong women’s lives in the United States. This phenomenological study was based on interviews with four Hmong women who spoke about the life changes they have faced due to immigration. Interviews were mainly derived from a snowball sample where the participants were friends or relatives of the researcher. Participants who were not immediately connected to the researcher were selected by recommendation of existing participants. The research question was: how has immigration into the United States changed Hmong Women’s lives within their families and culture?
Title: Combating racism, bigotry, and prejudice preliminary research for development of an oral history CD on the cultural heritage of Hmong Americans Plan B paper. Author: Kennedee Her. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2002. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 65 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: Research indicates that in the last half century, the population of minority immigrants has been growing rapidly in the United States. Despite its growth, research indicates that racial andethnic discrimination is common in the United States (Duany, 1998). The objective of this preliminary study is to determine the factors of prejudice and discrimination against new immigrants in general and specifically to look at the prejudice anddiscrimination against the Hmong Americans. The focal point of this study is to gather data and recommendations from the focus group informants. The data then will be used to develop a multi-media (CD-ROM based) oral history on the cultural heritage of Hmong Americans, which will serve as an educational tool for individuals and the general public to be able to access to the Hmong culture, history, language, and arts. A Focus Group Interview Guide was used to guide and engage conversations with each individual’s interviews and the focus group interviews. The primary topics that will be explored and discussed during each interview session include Hmong culture and history. As the results, the factors of prejudice and discrimination against the Hmong Americans were due to the lack of cultural awareness, misinterpretation, language barrier, misjudgment, fault of assumptions, and/or rumors. The Hmong have faced the followingtypes of prejudice and discrimination: verbal harassment, poor services in organizational settings, physical harassment, avoidance in institutional settings, and police mistreatment. When the CD project is completed, it would serve as an educational key to combat racism, bigotry, and prejudice and discrimination. The result of this study highly corresponded to the hypothesis of the development of a CD that based on the cultural heritage of the Hmong Americans. The following topics were cited by the focus group informants as very important to put into the content of the CD, which include the Hmong culture, history, language, and arts.
Title: Hmong family processes and their impact on Hmong adolescents' delinquent behaviors a correlational study. Author: Shanie Xiong. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2002. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 82 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding of Hmong family processes and to examine the importance of individual parenting variables that impact Hmong adolescents’ delinquent behaviors. The family variables to be study are, parental attachment, parental monitoring, and parental discipline practices. In addition, levels of acculturation were measured since previous study has shown that the correlates of delinquent behaviors among members of differing cultural and ethnic groups may be related to unique factors. There were 52 Hmong adolescents from Menomonie, Eau Claire, Wisconsin and Saint Paul, Minneapolis, Minnesota who participated in the study. The research study survey instrument consisted of three parts: demographic information, four levels of acculturation, and forty items measuring family processes variables and delinquent behaviors. Results were analyzed by the SPSS-10.0 statistical package. Pearson Correlation indicated that there is a high negative correlation between parental attachment and delinquent behaviors (r = -.760**) and parental monitoring and delinquent behaviors (r = -.808**). A positive correlation exists for parental discipline practices and 3delinquent behaviors (r = .601**). There is a correlation between levels of acculturation and delinquent behaviors (mean = 2.93). Other data shows that participants’ father’s level of education and mother’s level of education was found to be related to levels of delinquent behaviors. Additionally, the length of time live in the United States was significant to level of delinquent behaviors among Hmong adolescents. Further research is necessary to provide more effective programs and services to Hmong adolescents and their parents to ensure that they will grow up to become competent and responsible citizens. Recommendations were made for this research to assist Hmong adolescents and their parents.
Title: Hmong students at UW-Stout factors influencing attendance and retention in a post secondary institution. Author: Melissa Crevier. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2002. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 82 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The Hmong are among a plethora of immigrating people who have left a land of solitary oppression to come to the United States for freedomand further opportunity. Although steeped in tradition, they left a land that persecuted them after the Vietnam War. It has been a difficult struggle for this people to settle into a culture so different and demanding in comparison to the traditions of their homeland. Now in America, they must adjust to a culture with a fluctuating economy and a society which values individual attainment. As do many immigrants that settle in the United States, the Hmong in general, value education, and understand that this is the key to their survival and success in the United States. The purpose of this study was to look at Hmong college students, currently enrolled at the University of Wisconsin-Stout in Menomonie, Wisconsin, to help determine factors that aided them in attending this post-secondary institution. Through the choice of an e-mailed or postal mail out survey, it specifically examined their experiences, secondary trends, programs which encouraged them to continue with college, support of family members and clans, effects of Wisconsin Works, a welfare reform program which began in 1997 and other factors that may have helped students choose UW-Stout as their college of choice. Furthermore, it will examine supportive factors that have aided Hmong students in succeeding and completing a post-secondary degree at UW-Stout.
Title: Hmong students' personal adjustment in American culture. Author: Li Shi. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2001. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 50 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to gather information relative to Hmong culture and Hmong youth's personal adjustment in the American school system. A twenty-five-item interview was conducted with eight Hmong students in grades 7-12 in a public school district in Minnesota. The findings of the study showed that the educators' teaching techniques, positive attitude about the students and knowledge of the students' culture influenced the students' adjustment at school. Social support, students' sociality, and age at time of arrival in the U.S also influenced the students' adjustment. English proficiency and high self-esteem were also associated with the participating Hmong students' performance at school. The participating students' length of residency in the U.S. was not related to their adjustment. No gender differences were found. Further research with a larger sample size is recommended.
Title: The Hmong a human resource transition. Author: Suzanne C. Dirks. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2000. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 41 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The Hmong are an ancient people, but their Diaspora has proven them tobe an adaptable people. Change does take time and for the Hmong high schoolgraduates change has placed them between two worlds. One is of the ancientthird world country of their ancestors and traditions. The other is a world basedon a fluctuating economy, where access to success is gained through literacy andeducation. Their generation is a pivotal one that can aid this ancient people withacculturation into the United States community. The purpose of this research is tostudy the 1992, 1994 and 1996 Hmong graduates of Wausau East and West highschools. The study will look for relationships among the graduates to find any post-secondary trends, employment plans, encouragement of family and clans intheir educational plans, and the citizenship status of the students and parents.Assimilation can cause a loss ancestral traditions so the study will also look at thegraduate's knowledge and retention of their native language.
Title: Hmong parent education and involvement and its impact on children a correlational study. Author: Christopher A. Bondioli. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2000. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 33 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: The presence of the Hmong population in the United States has brought up many issues and concerns since they began immigrating here shortly after their tragic loss ofthe Vietnam War. Among these concerns is the area of education. The language barrier has presented many challenges for the Hmong with their education. The researcher believes a thorough understanding of the Hmong background and their life in the United States can be beneficial in assessing their needs in improving their education. Parents were assessed in this study from a survey developed by the researchersupplying insight on Hmong parents and their involvement and influence on their children in education. Children were assessed by using the Standardized Test for Assessment of Reading (STAR). The parent and children data were then correlated to provide the findings for the study. Results from this study show that a positive correlation exists between parent education level, parents providing homework assistance for their kids, the amount of English spoken in the home, and the number of years living in the United States with the students’ grade equivalency scores (GES) on the STAR.
Title: Perception of early marriage and future educational goals attainment for Hmong female adolescents. Author: Mana Vue. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 2000. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 69 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to examine the correlational study on perception of early marriage and future educational goals for Hmong female adolescents. The participants were a convenience sample consisting of 40 respondents drawn from St. Paul, MN, Eau Claire and Menomonie, WI.The respondents range from age 14 to 19 years old. A fifty-two item questionnaire regarding perception of early marriage and future educational goals that includes demographic questions,opinion type questions regarding early marriage and future educational goals using a Likert Scale response, and rankings. A significant difference was found when there is a positive perception of early marriage and lower educational goals for the respondents. This research also found that even though respondents' parents may not be educated the respondents still have high educational goals.No significant difference was found for educational goals for married and single female respondents. The study also further show that married respondents without children will have higher educational goals when compare to married respondents with children. Included in theresearch paper are counseling implications and future research recommendations.
Title: The availability of adequate educational support programs for Southeast Asians as English as a second language students in Wausau East High School. Author: Frank Chua Vang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 52 pages. Format: PDF
Abstract: This research examined the availability of adequate educational support programs for Southeast Asian English as a Second Language students in Wausau East High School. There are approximately 250 Southeast Asian students enrolled at Wausau East High School. A primary concern in Southeast Asian communities is that educational support should be provided on mainstream levels. Otherwise, ESL students may not succeed with their educational goals.
Title: An examination of gangs in Eau Claire, Wisconsin and the community's racial perception of gangs. Authors: Mary Beth Higgins and Ka Vang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 59 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study is two-fold: to examine the racial, gender, and ethnic makeup of gangs in Eau Claire, Wisconsin and to study the community's perception of gangs. The results of this study will be shared with the Eau Claire School District and the Eau Claire Police Department to assist in combatting the gang problem in Eau Claire.
Title: Hmong youth attitudes toward early marriage. Author: Chusee Vue. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 73 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the attitude of Hmong youth towards early marriage. The subjects of this study were 50 Hmong youth from Dunn County who were attending middle and high school in Menominee, WI. A total of 50 surveys were distributed and 43 students participated in the study.
Title: An investigation of Hmong students' performance on four standardized cognitive ability measures. Author: Jodi Preston. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 39 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This study investigated the parameters of a valid assessment of cognitive ability for students of Hmong origin who were referred for suspected exceptional educational needs. The sample consisted of 56 Hmong students aged 6 years 4 months to 13 years 0 months.
Title: An investigation of Hmong students' performance on four standardized cognitive ability measures. Author: Jennifer Xiong. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1999. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 102 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This study explored obstacles to higher education for Hmong high school students. The objectives of the study were to 1. Describe the attitudes Hmong students have toward setting career goals. 2. Identify behaviors Hmong students experience as it relates to their aspirations and expectations. 3. Describe perceptions Hmong students have concerning obstacles to their career aspirations.
Title: English proficiency level correlated with cumulative grade point average for selected Southeast Asian students by gender, grade level, and birthplace. Author: Debra M. Marsh. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 36 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: A statistical analysis was done using a sample of 163 Southeast Asian students exploring the correlation between Grade Point Average and Limited English Proficiency as well as how GPA and LEP level might be impacted by gender, grade level and birthplace.
Title: Hmong high school students' attitudes and aspirations toward education. Author: Xiong A. Lo. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 47 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This study of Hmong high school students' attitudes toward high school graduation as well as their aspirations for higher education at the post-secondary level was conducted, to determine, what, if any, differences exist between gender, academic classifications, socio-economic duration of staying in America, and academic achievement in regards to self-reported attitudes and aspirations.
Title: Hmong parents attitude and perception toward Hmong juvenile delinquency in America. Author: Tou K. Vang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 70 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to understand the Hmong parents' attitude and perception toward juvenile delinquency in the Eau Claire Area Hmong community.
Title: Hmong perception and behaviors regarding shamanic practice and western medicine. Author: See Vang. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 68 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This study explores the attitudes and behaviors of the Hmong residents in the Eau Claire and Menominee, WI areas toward the use of traditional Hmong shamanic practices and western medical practices. The purpose of this study focused on how the Hmong people perceive their traditional shamanic practices and western medical practices.
Title: Parental influences and academic success of Hmong adolescent students is there a relationship? Author: Song Lor. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 80 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This study examined the relationship of parental involvement, acculturation level, parent educational level and academic success among Hmong adolescent students. Thirty students from Saint Paul and Menominee, WI participated in the study. The survey instrument used for the study included completion of an acculturation level scale along with a parent involvement questionnaire for each parent and student.
Title: The relationship between crime and depression within the Wausau area Hmong youth community. Author: Yang, Tong S. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 54 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: This research study investigated the level of difference in depression between Hmong youths who have a history of criminal activities and those who do not have a history of criminal activity. All participants were 12 to 18 year old Hmong youth from the Wausau area.
Title: Where they are now the second follow-up study of the 1992 college-bound Hmong graduates. Author: Youa Xiong. Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout. Location: Menominee, WI. Year: 1998. Additional Source Information: N.A. Pagination: 63 pages Format: PDF
Abstract: Attaining an education can lead to the independence of the Hmong people. A large number of Hmong men and women from the Wausau area have gone on to college after high school to acquire a degree in a career that will ensure a better life for their children's future. This study is the second followup study of a 1992 Hmong senior college-bound graduating class.
